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doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.001
我国中药材卫生质量标准与检测技术研究
谭和平1，2， 李怀平1，2， 王顾希1，2， 吴媛媛1，2
（1. 中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021； 2. 中测测试科技有限公司，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：该文全面分析研究我国与主要发达国家药典中在涉及中药材卫生质量标准与检测技术方面的差异及问题，提出中药材产业是我国具有原创优势的传统支柱性产业，但卫生质量形势日趋严峻，应建立全球最为严格的中药材卫生质量标准体系和中药材外源有毒有害物质的快速检测技术体系，用以支撑我国中药材产业的健康可持续发展。
关键词：中药材；卫生质量标准；检测技术；国家药典
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0001-06
Research of hygienic quality standards and detection technology of
traditional Chinese medicine
TAN Heping1，2， LI Huaiping1，2， WANG Guxi1，2， WU Yuanyuan1，2
（1. National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China；
2. Zhongce Testing Technology Co.，Ltd.，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: This article did a comprehensive research on the differences of hygienic quality standards and detection technology of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） between the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Pharmacopoeia of a series of foreign developed countries. It suggests that though TCM industry is an original conventional backbone of the fasting developing economy of China， the hygienic quality standards environment is facing growingly severe challenge and threat. Hence， a more scientific and strict TCM hygienic quality standards system and a rapid detection technology system of extrinsic toxic compounds with the help of international communication and cooperation should be built up to support a healthy and sustainable development of our traditional Chinese medicine industry.
Keywords: traditional Chinese medicine； hygienic quality standards； detection technology； Chinese Pharmacopoeia
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.002
CT值均匀性评价方法研究
杨克柽
（第三军医大学生物医学工程学院，重庆 400038）
摘 要：针对CT值均匀性传统定义只考虑图像的中心和外围部分而不能全面反映整个视野（FOV）内CT值变化的缺点，提出一种改进的评价方法，以适应CT新技术质量保证检测的需要。采用直径为20 cm的圆柱形水模，在GE Discovery CT750 HD扫描仪上选择常用头部协议进行轴向扫描。在水模图像的3，6，9，12点钟方向上距离中心0，4.0，8.0 cm处取面积为1 cm2的圆形感兴趣区，分别计算CT值均值和标准差。定义其中最大、最小均值之差为CT值均匀性指数，最大标准差为噪声指数；单能图像序列中CT值均匀性指数最大值定义为该序列的CT值均匀性指数，噪声指数最大值为该序列噪声指数。结果表明：从FOV中心向外CT值并非单调变化，CT值均匀性评价新方法更加全面、客观地评价整个FOV的图像质量，并能反映双能CT的不同探测器阵列对应图像之间以及不同能级图像序列之间的质量差异。
关键词：计算机体层摄影；双能；CT值均匀性；质量保证
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0007-05
A modified evaluation method for CT value uniformity
YANG Kecheng
（School of Biomedical Engineering，Third Military Medical University，Chongqing 400038，China）
Abstract: In current quality assurance （QA） testing guidelines and standards， CT value uniformity （CTVU） is defined only based on image centers and peripheries; instead， the variation in CT value can not be fully reflected within the whole field of view. To solve this problem， a modified method was proposed to meet the QA testing needs of new CT scanners. A 20 cm-diameter water equivalent plastic cylindrical phantom filled with pure water was scanned in a step-and-shot way with a routine dual-energy head protocol （GSI-26） on a GE Discovery CT750 HD scanner. Images were analyzed with a customer designed MATLAB program. Nine circular ROIs （1 cm2） were selected at the spots that were 0 cm， 4.0 cm and 8.0 cm away from the centroid at 3， 6， 9， 12 o’clock positions to calculate the CT mean value and standard deviations. The differences between the maximum and minimum mean value were defined as CTVU indexes; the maximal SD was defined as noise figure; the maximal CTVU index and noise index in virtual monochromatic image sequence were defined as CTVU index and noise index respectively. Experimental results show that the modified evaluation method reflects not only the CT value variation within the whole field of view in a comprehensive and objective manner， but also the quality differences between different images scanned by different detector slices and virtual monochromatic image sequences of dual-energy CT.
Keywords: computed tomography（CT）； dual energy； CT value uniformity； quality assurance
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.003
多层次模拟电路随机变异生成方法研究
唐小峰1，2， 许爱强1， 李文海1
（1. 海军航空工程学院科研部，山东 烟台 264001； 2. 92514部队，山东 烟台 264007）
摘 要：针对目前复杂电路测试、诊断过程中故障样本获取困难的问题，提出一种随机变异生成策略。首先定义适用于随机方法的8种限定变异算子，可覆盖实际电路中的大多数真实故障；然后应用层次分析法（AHP），分别考虑电路组成元素间的相对故障概率和故障类型，计算出不同变异位置以及对应变异算子的被选权重；考虑连续型故障参数的分布，通过随机采样确定具体的参数值，使故障模型更为真实；最后，以一个串联调整型稳压电路为实例，为其生成500个随机变异体。实验结果表明：该方法能够快速有效地为多层次模拟电路生成大规模、高质量的故障样本。
关键词：自动故障注入；随机变异生成；变异算子；层次分析法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0012-04
A stochastic mutant generation method for multi-level analog circuits
TANG Xiaofeng1，2， XU Aiqiang1， LI Wenhai1
（1. Department of Scientific Research，Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University，Yantai 264001，China；
2. Unit 92514 of the PLA，Yantai 264007，China）
Abstract: A stochastic mutant generation method has been proposed to acquire automatically multiple fault samples from complex circuits for testing and diagnostic purposes. First， eight restricted mutation operators are defined to cover the majority of actual circuit faults. Analytical hierarchy process （AHP） is used to analyze the relative fault probabilities and fault types of circuit elements and evaluate the weights of different mutation locations and operators selected. Then， the probability distributions of continuous fault parameters are considered and the fault model is made more realistic by random sampling of fault parameter values. In the end， 500 stochastic mutants are generated for a regulator circuit. The experimental results show that the proposed method can rapidly generate massive high-quality fault samples for multi-level analog circuits fast and well.
Keywords: automatic fault injection； stochastic mutant generation； mutation operator； AHP
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.004
基于广义谐波小波的工频功率因数测量算法
张 媛1，2， 王 楠3
（1. 上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院，上海 200240； 2. 中船重工705研究所上海工程技术部，上海 200245；
3. 陕西理工学院机械工程学院，陕西 汉中 723001）
摘 要：针对传统功率因数测量方法存在的问题，基于广义谐波小波的优良特性，结合功率因数定义，提出测量工频功率因数的广义谐波小波算法。该算法通过对采样离散化后的电压与电流信号进行工频提取，然后对其进行重构，最终结合功率因数定义来实现。建立算法的数学模型，对其进行仿真分析，最后通过液压系统实验对算法进行验证，提取出完全基于工频的功率因数。分析结果表明：与其他算法特别是与正交小波相比，基于广义谐波小波的工频功率因数测量算法速度快、精度高，测量误差＜3.5%，具有较好的工程实用价值。
关键词：广义谐波小波；功率因数；快速傅里叶变换；Mallat算法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0016-05
Measuring algorithm for power frequency factor based on
general harmonic wavelet
ZHANG Yuan1，2， WANG Nan3
（1. School of Electronic Information and Electric Engineering，Shanghai Jiao Tong University，
Shanghai 200240，China；
2. Engineering Department of 705 Research Institute，CSIC，Shanghai 200245，China；
3. School of Mechanical Engineering，Shanxi University of Technology，Hanzhong 723001，China）
Abstract: To solve the existing problems of traditional power factor measuring methods, general harmonic wavelet is proposed to measure the power factors based on the features of the general harmonic wavelet, i.e., zero phase-shift, the sampling frequency and points of data series that remain unchanged at different decomposition scales, as well as the definition of power factors. The operating procedure of the algorithm is as follows: First, the discretized voltage and current signals are extracted in power frequency; Second, the results obtained are reconstructed; third, it is measured with the definition of power factors. Besides, a mathematical model is established for simulation analysis. Then, the algorithm is verified through hydraulic system tests and the power frequency factor is obtained. The analyzing results have shown that the algorithm is fast and precise less than 3.5% in terms of measuring errors compared with other algorithms (especially orthogonal wavelet), it can be applied in some engineering fields.
Keywords: general harmonic wavelet； power factor； FFT； Mallat algorithm
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.005
X80管线钢塑性损伤诱发磁化无损评价研究
李云飞， 韦利明， 万 强
（中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所，四川 绵阳 621900）
摘 要：X80管线钢被广泛用于石油、天然气输运管道中，其钢材构件出现塑性损伤等缺陷后易产生较大安全隐患。为保证系统运行安全，准确检测和评估构件塑性损伤程度，该文采用金属磁记忆方法对X80钢材塑性损伤与损伤诱发磁场强度之间的关联性进行实验研究与分析。针对两种含典型缺陷的管线钢平板试件，采用实验拉伸机导入不同程度应力集中与塑性损伤，同时通过光学应变测量系统实时获取试件表面应变分布，采用自行搭建的微量磁场检测系统测量试件表面诱发磁场法向分量。结果表明：试件诱发磁场强度法向分量与塑性损伤程度之间具有良好相关性，初步建立X80钢塑性损伤与诱发磁场的非线性关系曲线与定量表达式，可为X80钢材构件塑性损伤程度与无损评价提供一定参考。
关键词：X80管线钢；金属磁记忆；塑性损伤；无损评价
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0021-05
Nondestructive evaluation of magnetic field induced by plastic deformation
of X80 steel
LI Yunfei， WEI Liming， WAN Qiang
（Institute of Systems Engineering，CAEP，Mianyang 621900，China）
Abstract: X80 steel is widely used in oil and gas transport pipelines. Hidden dangers would be triggered if plastic damage and other defects appear in mechanical components. In order to detect accurately and assess the damage degree and ensure safety in system operation， the relation between plastic deformation in X80 steel and damage-induced magnetic field has been experimentally studied via metal magnetic memory （MMM）. Different levels of plastic strains have been imported into two kinds of X80 steel specimens for several times. The strain distribution has been measured through an optical measurement system and the normal components of magnetic memory signals have been obtained by a self-built micro-magnetic detection system. The experimental results have revealed that the normal components of deformation-induced magnetic field intensity are highly correlated with plastic deformation degrees. Furthermore， we have initially established a nonlinear curve and a quantitative expression for plastic deformation and damage-induced magnetic field， thus providing a basis for quantitative evaluation of plastic deformation in X80 steel components.
Keywords: X80 steel； metal magnetic memory； plastic deformation； nondestructive evaluation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.006
坐标测量机孔径测量的不确定度评定模型研究
徐 磊， 陈晓怀， 程银宝， 姜 瑞， 王汉斌， 程真英
（合肥工业大学仪器科学与光电工程学院，安徽 合肥 230009）
摘 要：以坐标测量机测量孔径为例，阐述测量过程中影响测量结果的不确定度来源，根据测量模型建立孔径测量的GUM法不确定度评定模型；利用对坐标测量机的测量系统量值特性指标分析的方法，给出基于量值特性分析法的各标准不确定度分量的评定模型。通过对汽车空调压缩机后缸体的孔径测量，比较两种方法评定的扩展不确定度。实例分析可以看出：对于坐标测量机复杂的非线性测量模型，GUM法在计算灵敏系数时，运算量较大且获得的是近似结果，因此其可操作性不强；量值特性分析法通过对测量系统整体的分析，基于大量的实验数据对测量结果进行测量不确定度评定，其流程和操作性更为便捷、有效。
关键词：计量学；不确定度评定；孔径测量；坐标测量机
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0026-05
Uncertainty evaluation model for aperture measurement of
coordinate measuring machines
XU Lei， CHEN Xiaohuai， CHENG Yinbao， JIANG Rui， WANG Hanbin， CHENG Zhenying
（School of Instrument Science and Opto-electronics Engineering，Hefei University of Technology，
Hefei 230009，China）
Abstract: The factors which may influence the measurement uncertainty of aperture measurement by coordinate measuring machine （CMM） were analyzed. Two uncertainty models were established based on guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement （GUM） and measurement system analysis（MSA）. Measurement uncertainty for aperture of workpiece were evaluated by the two methods. Moreover， seen from the evaluation example， the results of uncertainty evaluation obtained from GUM and MSA were compared， the comparison result indicates that GUM method needs large amounts of computation and can only get the approximate results in the calculation of sensitivity coefficient but MSA method analyses the whole measurement system and evaluates uncertainty through a large number of experimental data，which is more convenient and more effective than GUM method.
Keywords: metrology； uncertainty evaluation； aperture measurement； CMM
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.007
可溯源冲击电压校准器特性研究
李文婷， 刘少波， 龙兆芝， 肖 凯， 宗贤伟
（中国电力科学研究院，湖北 武汉 430074）
摘 要：介绍一种可溯源的冲击电压校准器，该校准器可输出IEC 60060-1——2010《高电压试验技术第一部分：一般定义和试验要求》中所规定的标准雷电全波、雷电操作波等4种时间参数波形，可作为标准波源对数字记录仪及冲击峰值表进行校准。该校准器可通过理论分析的方式溯源至各元器件的国家标准，其输出电压峰值不确定度＜0.1%，时间参数不确定度＜0.5%，可满足实际应用中对冲击电压峰值表及冲击测量用数字记录仪的幅值及时间测量参数校准的需求，具有很好的实用性及较高的推广价值。
关键词：可溯源；标准波源；数字记录仪；冲击峰值表
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0031-04
Performance analysis for a traceable impulse voltage generator
LI Wenting， LIU Shaobo， LONG Zhaozhi， XIAO Kai， ZONG Xianwei
（China Electric Power Research Institute，Wuhan 430074，China）
Abstract: This paper introduces a traceable impulse voltage generator which can generate standard lighting impulse and switch impulse waveforms according to IEC 60060——1∶2010. It is used to calibrate the time parameters and peak value for digital recorder and digital peak value voltmeter. The estimated uncertainty for the impulse peak value is less than 0.1% and for time parameters， lass than 0.5%. It can be traced to national compnent standard by theoretical analysis. It can satisfy the parameters calibration requirements of digital voltmeter and digital recorder used for measuring lighting waveform. It is of great practical use and can be used widely in impulse measurement calibration.
Keywords: traceable； standard waveform generator； digital recorder； peak value volmeter
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.008
基于稀疏表示的电力系统谐波信号频率分析
张润涵1， 扈罗全1，2
（1. 苏州大学城市轨道交通学院，江苏 苏州 215131； 2. 苏州出入境检验检疫局，江苏 苏州 215104）
摘 要：谐波污染对电力系统和电力设备产生严重的危害和影响，当电力信号中存在强大的噪声成分时，传统的快速傅里叶变换（fast fourier transform，FFT）无法准确提取出谐波成分。该文在信号稀疏表示理论的基础上，提出基于稀疏表示的电力系统谐波信号频率分析方法，并设计出谐波频率分析快速算法。通过Matlab仿真，结果表明该方法能准确提取谐波成分的频率，具有较强的抗噪能力。
关键词：谐波分析；频率分析；稀疏表示；快速傅里叶变换
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0035-03
Sparse representation-based analysis of harmonic signal frequency in power system
ZHANG Runhan1， HU Luoquan1，2
（1. School of Urban Rail Transportation，Soochow University，Suzhou 215131，China；
2. Suzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau，Suzhou 215104，China）
Abstract: Harmonic waves are harmful to electric power systems and electrical equipment. The analysis of harmonic signal frequency in power system has long been an important subject for electric power designers. Strong background noise in signals will interface harmonic components, thus making them too hard to be derived with the traditional approach-fast fourier transform （FFT）. In this paper, we have designed a fast algorithm for harmonic analysis based on the sparse representation theory. The Matlab-based simulation experiment has shown that the proposed method, because of its strong anti-noise capacity, can be used to extract accurately the frequency of harmonic components.
Keywords: harmonic analysis； frequency analysis； sparse representation； FFT
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.009
一种基于33250A型信号源的数字超声探伤仪
水平线性误差测试方法
陈沈理， 何卓斌， 杨德俊
（广东省计量科学研究院，广东 广州 510405）
摘 要：针对数字式超声探伤仪水平线性误差的准确测试，提出一种方法，即基于33250A型函数信号发生器，利用其函数信号发生器外部触发延时输出的功能模拟超声探伤仪水平线性的距离，可以准确地测试数字式超声探伤仪的水平线性误差。通过实验设计和实验数据验证，结果表明：该方法有效可行，可为超声探伤仪的水平线性误差测试提供参考。
关键词：超声探伤仪；扫描范围；水平线性误差；电信号
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0038-03
Horizontal linear error test method for digital ultrasonic flaw detector based on
33250A signal generator
CHEN Shenli， HE Zhuobin， YANG Dejun
（Guangdong Institute of Metrology，Guangzhou 510405，China）
Abstract: A 33250A function signal generator is used to test accurate horizontal linear error of digital ultrasonic flaw detectors. First， the delay output triggered by the function signal generator is applied to simulate the horizontal linearity distance of the detector. Then， the horizontal linear error could be accurately tested according to the formula that distance is the product of time and speed. Eventually， this method is proved feasible through experimental design and data.
Keywords: ultrasonic flaw detector； scanning range； horizontal linear error； electrical signal
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.010
气质联用技术在3D打印材料国产化中的应用
王洪福1， 罗 伟1， 张 岩1， 王海鹏1， 何 泠1， 郭兴华2，王俊元1
（1. 中北大学机械与动力工程学院，山西 太原 030051； 2. 运城市中心医院影像科，山西 运城 044000）
摘 要：为推进3D打印材料的国产化进程，采用气质联用技术分析3D打印材料中打印墨水和清洗剂的有机成分。通过总离子流图确定打印墨水和清洗剂的有机成分及其相对百分含量，对打印墨水的打印机理与清洗剂的清洗机理进行分析和讨论，并验证数据的重复性和准确性，深化对3D打印材料组分的认识。对推动该打印材料国产化进程具有实际意义，促进我国3D打印材料与工业4.0的融合。
关键词：气质联用；3D打印；总离子流图；打印机理；清洗机理
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0041-04
GC-MS technology in localization of 3D printing materials
WANG Hongfu1， LUO Wei1， ZHANG Yan1， WANG Haipeng1， HE Ling1， Guo Xinghua2， WANG Junyuan1
（1. School of Mechanical and Power Engineer，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China；
2. Yuncheng Central Hospital，Yuncheng 044000，China）
Abstract: 3D printing is a superior manufacturing technology developing rapidly in recent years and will be a key link in the high-end manufacturing area of the strategic initiative industry 4.0 （known as Industry 4.0）. Despite of this, the supply form of 3D printing materials is far less optimistic. To quicken the localization of 3D printing materials, we used GC-MS technology to analyze the printing ink and the organic compositions of the cleaning agent in 3D printing materials. Specifically, we identified organic ingredients and their relative percentages in the printing ink and cleaning agents based on the total ion chromatogram obtained, analyzed the pirnting mechanism of the printing ink and the cleaning mechanism of the cleaning agent, and verified the repeatability and accuracy of the data were verified, eventually having a better understanding of the components of 3D printing materials. The experiment is significant in accelerating the production of 3D printing materials in China and also conductive to the fusion of 3D printing materials with Industry 4.0 in China.
Keywords: GC-MS； 3D printing； total ion chromatogram； printing mechanism； cleaning mechanism
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.011
密闭消解HG-AFS法测定丹参植株中汞含量
李瑶佳， 杨 超， 胡晓荣
（成都理工大学材料与化学化工学院 矿产资源化学四川省高等学校重点实验室，四川 成都 610059）
摘 要：为评价中江丹参植株汞含量水平、了解汞的植株分布，采用HNO3-H2O2密闭消解、氢化物发生原子荧光法测定来自中江丹参种植基地的12个植株样品中的汞含量。实验优化还原反应条件，通过国家标准物质比较不同消解方法对测定结果的影响及验证方法的准确度和可靠性，密闭消解获得结果的准确度和精密度符合痕量分析要求。方法检出限为0.12 μg/L，相对标准偏差为7.8%，样品加标回收率为81.0%~115.0%。丹参根中的汞含量未超过国家药典标准（<0.2 mg/kg），部分茎和叶含量超标，植株汞含量分布为叶>茎>根。
关键词：汞；丹参；密闭消解；原子荧光
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0045-04
Determination of mercury in Salvia miltiorrhiza by HG-AFS after closed digestion
LI Yaojia， YANG Chao， HU Xiaorong
（Mineral Resources Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institutions，College of Materials
and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering，Chengdu University of Technology，Chengdu 610059，China）
Abstract: In order to understand the mercury level and distribution in Salvia miltiorrhiza. The total mercury concentrations in the organs of the plant collected from 12 sites across Zhongjiang were determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry（HG-AFS） after HNO3-H2O2 closed digestion. Reaction conditions of redox were optimized to obtain the highest sensitivity. The different analytical results of reference material digested by open and closed methods were compared. The accuracy，precision and recovery of closed digestion accorded with the requirements of trace analysis. The detection limit， relative standard deviation and recoveries rate of the method were 0.12 μg/L， 7.8%， and 81.0%-115.0% respectively. Mercury content in root was lower than the regulated value of Chinese pharmacopoeia（<0.2 mg/kg）， but it in partial leaves and stems samples exceeded the value. Mercury distribution characteristics in salvia miltiorrhiza followed concentrations order of leaf >stem>root.
Keywords: mercury； Salvia miltiorrhiza； closed digestion； atomic fluorescence spectrometry
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.012
HPLC-ELSD法同时测定桔梗中5种皂苷含量
岳 虹， 陈芙蓉， 王梦丽， 谢红英， 冯亚男， 徐小平
（四川大学华西药学院，四川 成都 610041）
摘 要：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定桔梗药材中去芹糖桔梗皂苷E、桔梗皂苷E、桔梗皂苷D3、去芹糖桔梗皂苷D、桔梗皂苷D的方法。色谱柱为ODS 250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm，流动相A为乙腈-0.2%甲酸，流动相B为水，采用梯度洗脱（0～15 min，20%～22%A；15～60 min，22%A；60～65 min，22%～30%A；65～70 min，30%～20%A）。供试品经50%甲醇（ν/ν）超声提取30 min，过滤蒸干后以50%甲醇（ν/ν）定容至5 mL容量瓶中；漂移管温度为75 ℃，氮气流量为2.5 L/min。去芹糖桔梗皂苷E、桔梗皂苷E、桔梗皂苷D3、去芹糖桔梗皂苷D、桔梗皂苷D分别在0.64～6.4 μg、1.22～12.2 μg、1.08～10.8 μg、0.74～7.4 μg，1.7～17 μg范围内组分浓度与峰面积线性关系良好；药材中5种成分的平均加标回收率分别为101.1%、99.9%、100.4%、100.7%和101.6%；RSD均＜5%。该方法简便、准确，分离效果好，可用于桔梗药材的质量控制。
关键词：桔梗；桔梗皂苷；HPLC-ELSD；梯度洗脱
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0049-04
Simultaneous determination of the content of 5 Platycosides in Platycodon radix
YUE Hong， CHEN Furong， WANG Mengli， XIE Hongying， FENG Ya’nan， XU Xiaoping
（West China School of Pharmacy，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610041，China）
Abstract: Simultaneously determination of the 5 platycosides in Platycodon radix with HPLC-ELSD method. Gradient elution （0-15 min， 20%-22%A； 15-60 min， 22%A； 60-65 min， 22%-30%A； 65-70 min， 30%-20%A） is carried out under the following conditions: ODS 250 silica gel as solid phase （250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm）， acetonitrile - 0.2% methanoic acid as mobile phase A， and water as mobile phase B； the test products are ultrasonically extracted with 50% methanol （ν/ν） for 30 min， filtered and dried by distillation before further dilution with 50% methanol （ν/ν） to a 5 mL volumetric flask； and the drift tube is set at 75 ℃ and the nitrogen flow rate 2.5 L/min. The composition concentration shows a good linear relationship with the peak area when deapioplatycoside E， platycoside E， platycodin D3， deapioplatycodin D and platycodin D are 0.64-6.4 μg， 1.22-12.2 μg， 1.08-10.8 μg， 0.74-7.4 μg and 1.7-17 μg respectively. The average recoveries of the five ingredients are 101.1%， 99.9%， 100.4%， 100.7% and 101.6% respectively. All the RSDs are lower than 5%. The method is simple， accurate and efficient， suitable for the quality control of Platycodon radix.
Keywords: Platycodon radix； Platycoside； HPLC-ELSD； gradient elution
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.013
微流控技术在法医DNA快速检验方面的应用
韩俊萍1， 孙 敬2，3， 欧 元2，3， 叶 健2，3， 刘 耀1，2，3， 李彩霞2，3
（1. 中国人民公安大学，北京 100038； 2. 公安部物证鉴定中心北京市现场物证检验工程技术研究中心，北京 100038；
3. 公安部物证鉴定中心法医遗传学公安部重点实验室，北京 100038）
摘 要：微流控芯片技术因其微型化、自动化、高通量、集成化、快速等优势使得实验室研究产生革命性的变化，并在生物化学、医学等诸多领域得到广泛应用，但目前还没有基于微流控芯片技术的国产全集成自动化DNA分析仪。该文总结微流控技术在DNA提取、PCR扩增、电泳分离等DNA检验流程方面的研究现状与进展，尤其是在法医DNA快速检验方面的研究进展，同时介绍国内外全集成式DNA分析的研究状况。全集成与功能化是目前微流控技术研究的主流方向。未来，以微流控芯片为主导的全自动、便携式、集成化的DNA分析系统，将使得法医DNA检验从实验室走进案件现场甚至日常生活，实现真正的快速即时检验。
关键词：微流控芯片技术；DNA快速检验；综述；全集成
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0053-08
Application of microfluidics technology in DNA rapid testing of forensic science
HAN Junping1， SUN Jing2，3， OU Yuan2，3， YE Jian2，3， LIU Yao1，2，3， LI Caixia2，3
（1. People’s Public Security University of China，Beijing 100038，China；
2. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination，Institute of Forensic Science，
Beijing 100038，China；
3. Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics，Institute of Forensic Science，Ministry of Public Security，
Beijing 100038，China）
Abstract: Miniature， automatic and integrated with high throughput and rapid analysis， the microfluidic chip technology has brought revolutionary changes in laboratory experimentation in recent years and has been widely used in many research-based field， such as biochemistry and medicine. However， microfluidics is not yet introduced into home-made totally-integrated automation DNA analyzers. This paper has summarized the applications of microfluidics in DNA rapid testing， including DNA extraction， PCR amplification and electrophoresis separation， especially the advance of forensic DNA rapid detection. In addition， it also discussed the research state of the totally-integrated DNA analysis at home and abroad. Currently， full integration and versatility are the mainstream direction of microfluidic technology research. With the help of this system， rapid and real-time forensic DNA testing will not only be conducted in laboratories， but also at crime scenes and even in everyday lives.
Keywords: microfluidic chip technology； DNA rapid testing； summary； full integration
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.014
肠炎沙门氏菌对新鲜番茄的附着和渗透
代晓航1，2， 郭灵安1，2， 魏 超1，2
（1. 四川省农业科学院分析测试中心，四川 成都 610066； 2. 农业部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室（成都），四川 成都 610066）
摘 要：通过对肠炎沙门氏菌在新鲜番茄不同部位的存活情况，包括模式、时间的研究，旨在对番茄中沙门氏菌污染进行风险分析并为找到肠炎沙门氏菌在番茄上附着与存活最小化的干预方法提供科学依据。采用不同处理方法对番茄上肠炎沙门氏菌的生存量进行研究，包括不同人工污染程度及部位，不同贮存时间和温度，分别取番茄污染表皮处和果肉进行沙门氏菌定性和MPN法定量检测，并结合电镜观察番茄表面结构,分析附着渗透可能。结果表明：番茄表皮及果蒂多孔形态给微生物的附着和渗透提供一定的条件，人工接种30 d后，仍可在番茄果皮、果肉、果蒂处分离到肠炎沙门氏菌，并且附着与渗透易发生在果蒂和破损表皮处。因此，沙门氏菌可长期存活于番茄表皮及内部，表面多孔结构保护肠炎沙门氏菌免受清洗的影响，为生食带来安全隐患。
关键词：番茄；肠炎沙门氏菌；附着；渗透
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0061-04
Attachment and infiltration of Salmonella enterica to fresh tomatoes
DAI Xiaohang1，2， GUO Ling’an1，2， WEI Chao1，2
（1. Analysis and Testing Center of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu 610066，China；
2. Security Risk Assessment Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture（Chengdu），Chengdu 610066，China）
Abstract: The survival-growth capacity of Salmonella enterica populations on different parts of tomatoes such as mode and time， which are investigated to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment as well as the design of intervention methods to minimize the attachment and infiltration of Salmonella enterica. The contaminated tomato skins and pulps were qualitatively and quantitatively detected and the infiltration probability was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope after different methods were used to study the survival amount of Salmonella enterica， including the grades and parts of artificial pollution as well as the storage time and temperature. The results indicate that the skin and the porous morphology of the stem have offered the microorganisms certain conditions for attachment and infiltration； Salmonella enterica could still be found in the tomato skin， pulp and stem 30 days after artificial inoculation. In other words， Salmonella enterica can survive in the skins and inner parts of the tomatoes for a long time， and hidden dangers may occur when tomatoes are consumed uncooked， because the porous structure of the tomato skin has protected Salmonella enterica from being washed away.
Keywords: tomatoes； Salmonella enterica； attachment； infiltration
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.015
基于ARM和FPGA的双核电磁无损检测系统
刘丽辉， 谢瑞芳， 陈棣湘， 田武刚， 周卫红， 翁飞兵
（国防科学技术大学机电工程与自动化学院，湖南 长沙 410073）
摘 要：针对飞机发动机涡轮叶片缺陷检测难度大、效率低、严重制约航空装备保障的问题，设计一套基于ARM和FPGA的双核电磁无损检测系统。该系统采用FPGA结合A/D采样芯片完成64通道数据采集，并以基于android系统的ARM实现对各功能单元的控制。FPGA控制A/D采样芯片完成传感器阵列的高速数据采集并对其进行预处理，经UART接口送给ARM后，再由ARM完成信号特征提取和缺陷检测，并实现三维实时成像。测试结果表明：该系统对微裂纹的长度检测误差＜0.2 mm，成像速率达10帧/s，满足工业应用需求。
关键词：无损检测；双核；多路数据采集；数据融合
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0065-04
Double-core electromagnetic nondestructive testing system based on
ARM and FPGA
LIU Lihui， XIE Ruifang， CHEN Dixiang， TIAN Wugang， ZHOU Weihong， WENG Feibing
（College of Mechatronics and Automation，National University of Defense Technology，
Changsha 410073，China）
Abstract: A double-core electromagnetic nondestructive testing system was designed to check the turbine blades of aircraft engines in an easier and more efficient way. Specifically， FPGA with an A/D sampling chip was used to complete 64-channel data acquisition and ARM with an android operating system was chosen to control each function unit. First， the chip was driven by the FPGA to acquire data at a high speed and then have them pre-treated. Second， after the data was further sent to the ARM through an UART interface， signal features were extracted and defects inspected with the ARM. Eventually， a 3D real-time image was formed. The Test results have shown that， the system， with an error rate less than 0.2 mm and an imaging rate as fast as 10 frames/s when used to measure the length of micro cracks， can meet the application requirements in some industries.
Keywords: nondestructive testing； double core； multi-channel data acquisition； data fusion
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.016
埋地金属管道恒电位参数远程监控系统设计
熊川雲1， 刘明哲1，2， 庹先国1， 谭承君2， 罗 群2
（1． 地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室（成都理工大学），四川 成都 610059；
2. 地学核技术四川省重点实验室（成都理工大学），四川 成都 610059）
摘 要：为实现恒电位仪的自动化控制，使金属管道始终处于受保护状态，设计对阴极保护设备恒电位仪的输出保护参数（通电电位、断电电位、交流电位、自腐蚀电位）进行监控的电路。该监控系统以Cortex-M3内核的微控制器STM32为核心，以多通道信号调理电路为数据采集单元，通过RS485总线实现与恒电位仪的通信，采用GPRS作为数据传输网络，将恒电位仪的各项参数采集后发送回服务器，服务器对数据进行分析处理，得出恒电位仪的工作状态以及被监测管道的受保护状态。系统需要调节恒电位仪输出功率时，服务器通过GPRS网络将参数传输到监控系统，监控系统通过RS485总线实现对恒电位仪的控制。实测结果表明：恒电位仪输出电流的测量范围为0～80A，准确度在±0.48%以内；管道通电电位测量范围为-3～3 V，准确度在±7 mV以内，能够实现对埋地金属管道恒电位参数的远程监控。
关键词：金属管道；腐蚀；阴极保护；恒电位仪；远程监控系统
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0069-05
Design of field monitoring system with constant potential parameters
of buried metal pipes
XIONG Chuanyun1， LIU Mingzhe1，2， TUO Xianguo1， TAN Chengjun2， LUO Qun2
（1. State Key Laboratory of Geoharzard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection（Chengdu University of
Technology），Chengdu 610059，China；
2. Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Techniques in Geosciences（Chengdu University of
Technology），Chengdu 610059，China）
Abstract: To realize automatic control of potentiostats and put metal pipes in protection， a circuit has been designed that can monitor and control the protection parameters (on/off potential， AC potential， self-corrosion potential) which are sent out from the potentiostat for cathodic protection equipment. In the monitoring system is composed of a microcontroller STM32 as its core part in kernel Cortex-M3 and a multi-channel signal conditioning circuit as its data acquisition unit. The system is communicated with the potentiostat via bus RS485； the GPRS network is used to collect all the parameters of the potentiostat and send them back to the server; the data is further treated by the server to get the working state of the potentiostat and the protection state of the pipeline monitored. If the output power of the potentiostat needs adjusting， the parameters will be transferred from the server to the monitoring system through the GPRS network and the potentiostat will be controlled by the RS485 bus of the monitoring system. Experimental results have shown that the output current of the potentiostat is measured from 0 - 80 A， with the accuracy inside ±0.48%； the electric potential of the pipeline is measured from -3-3 V， with the accuracy inside ±7 mV. The system can be used to monitor remotely the constant potential parameters of buried metal pipelines.
Keywords: metal pipeline； corrosion； cathodic protection； potentiostat； remote monitoring system
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.017
基于ARM11的海洋浮标云台稳定控制系统
周金金1，2， 林 志2， 王小英2
（1. 中国矿业大学信息与电气工程学院，江苏 徐州 221000； 2. 常熟理工学院电气与自动化工程学院，江苏 常熟 215500）
摘 要：由于载体姿态的变化和海浪等因素的影响，海洋浮标成像系统所获得的图像不稳定或者模糊，如何改变现状是人们不断探讨和研究的课题。结合陀螺传感器MPU6050和磁力计HMC5883L设计一套基于ARM11的云台稳定控制系统，通过S3C6410的I2C接口读取MPU6050和HMC5883L的数据，采用卡尔曼滤波算法对其进行处理，然后解算出载体的航向角和俯仰角，实现云台摄像机姿态的反向调整。当云台摄像机与PC相连时，对UleadVideoStudio软件进行简单的配置，便可看到云台摄像机所拍摄的视频信息。实验结果表明：云台将以水平速度280°/s、垂直速度100°/s完成反向偏转，最长反馈调整时间为0.38 s，满足工程上的应用需求；该系统电路结构简单、成本低、可视化且稳定，可以移植到无人机及船舶监控等场合，具有一定的实用性。
关键词：MPU6050；HMC5883L；卡尔曼滤波；四元数；云台
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0074-05
Design of PTZ stability control system in ocean buoy based on ARM11
ZHOU Jinjin1，2， LIN Zhi2， WANG Xiaoying2
（1. School of Information and Electrical Engineering，China University of Mining and Technology，
Xuzhou 221000，China；
2. School of Electric and Automatic Engineering，Changshu Institute of Technology，Changshu 215500，China）
Abstract: Because of carrier changing postures and waves and other influential factors， the images acquired from the image system on an ocean buoys is unstable or fuzzy. How to solve this problem has become a topic of constant discussion and research. A set of PTZ stability control system， comprising a gyroscopic sensor MPU6050 and a magnetometer HMC5883L， was developed on an ARM11. The operating principle of the system is as follows: read the data of MPU6050 and HMC5883L through the I2C interface of S3C6410 and process these data by Kalman filtering algorithm. Next， calculate the azimuth angle and pitching angle of the carrier to adjust reversely the posture of the PTZ camera. When the PTZ is connected with PC by USB， the video information can be seen by simple configuration of Ulead VideoStudio software. The experiment results have shown that the PTZ would complete reverse deflection at a horizontal speed of 280°/s and a vertical speed of 100°/s and the longest adjustment time of feedback is 0.38 s， which meets the requirements of engineering application. The system， characterized by simple circuit structure， low cost， visualization and stability， can be transplanted to unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） and ship monitoring places.
Keywords: MPU6050； HMC5883L； Kalman filter； quaternions； PTZ
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.018
挤出式乳胶丝关键生产参数监测系统设计
唐木森1， 刘桂雄1， 谢炎庆2
（1. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640； 2. 广东国兴乳胶丝有限公司，广东 揭阳 522000）
摘 要：针对目前人工监测难以满足挤出式乳胶丝生产需要的问题，开发一套挤出式乳胶丝关键生产参数监测系统。基于挤出式乳胶丝生产工艺，提出制约产品质量的关键生产参数，建立以搅拌状态、温度、速度及酸碱度为监测量，Modbus为通信协议和MCGS为开发平台的监测系统，提高挤出式乳胶丝生产可控性和稳定性。实验结果表明：系统能准确监测乳胶丝生产状态，有利于乳胶丝产品质量建模及性能提升。
关键词：乳胶丝；监测系统；MCGS；Modbus
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0079-04
Design of key parameters monitoring system for extruded latex thread
TANG Musen1， LIU Guixiong1， XIE Yanqing2
（1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China；
2. Guangdong Guoxing Latex Thread Co.，Ltd.， Jieyang 522000，China）
Abstract: An online key parameter monitoring system has been designed to meet the demand of efficient and stable production for extruded latex thread. Key parameters that restrict product quality are proposed in accordance with the manufacturing process of extruded latex thread. The system consists of three parts: monitoring variables like stirring conditions， temperature， speed and pH value; a communication protocol Modbus; and a development platform MCGS. Experimental results indicate that the system can accurately monitor the production state of latex thread and will be conductive to building quality models and improving the performance of latex products.
Keywords: latex thread； monitoring system； MCGS； Modbus
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.019
弹载记录仪回收无线电定位系统
申玉玲1，2， 谢 锐1，2， 李新娥1，2， 闫宏彪1，2， 丁永红1，2， 尤文斌1，2， 崔丽丽1，2
（1. 中北大学 仪器科学与动态测试教育部重点实验室，山西 太原 030051；
2. 中北大学 电子测试技术国家重点实验室，山西 太原030051）
摘 要：针对现有弹载记录仪回收方法存在的效率低、功耗大等不足，设计应用于弹载记录仪回收的新型低功耗无线电搜寻定位系统。该无线电搜寻定位系统搭载于无人机，主要由无线通信模块、GPS定位模块、Flash存储模块、中央控制模块等构成。载有信标装置的弹载记录仪着地后，无线通信模块接收信标发射的无线电波，GPS定位模块定位无人机对应坐标，中央控制模块将无线电信号强度值和对应GPS坐标存储于Flash芯片，无人机工作一定时间后返回，上位机读取存储信息，利用RSSI定位算法和三边测量方法估算信标位置，从而快速回收弹载记录仪。通过定点模拟试验验证该定位系统的可实现性，为以后的弹载记录仪回收提供有效的方法。
关键词：无线电；弹载记录仪回收；RSSI定位算法；三边测量方法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0083-04
Radio positioning system for missile borne recorder recovery
SHEN Yuling1，2， XIE Rui1，2， LI Xin’e1，2， YAN Hongbiao1，2， DING Yonghong1，2，
YOU Wenbin1，2， CUI Lili1，2
（1. Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Danamic Measurement，Ministry of Education China，
North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China；
2. Science and Technology on Electric Test & Measurement Laboratory，North University of China，
Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: A new type of low-power radio searching and positioning system is designed for recovering missile-borne recorders. The system mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） is composed of a wireless communication module， a GPS positioning module， a FLASH memory module and a central control module. After the recorder with a beacon device is landed， the wireless communication module received the radio wave emitted by the beacon and the GPS positioning module located the UAV coordinates. Then， the central control module stored the radio signal strengths and their GPS coordinates in the Flash chip. After running a certain period of time， the UAV returned， and meantime the host computer begins to read the stored data. Next， the beacon position is estimated with RSSI positioning algorithm and three-edge measuring method so that the missile-borne recorder can quickly recovered. The fixed-point simulation test has verified the realization of the system and has provided a new approach for reusing missile borne recorders.
Keywords: radio； missile borne recorder recovery； RSSI positioning algorithm； three edge measuring method
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.020
基于EEMD-SVM的刀具磨损状态研究
江 雁， 傅 攀， 李晓晖
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：针对刀具磨损监测中信号的非平稳特性和小样本建模中神经网络容易陷入局部值的问题，提出基于多传感器信号，运用集合经验模态分解（ensemble empirical mode decomposition，EEMD）和支持向量机（support vector machine，SVM）相结合的算法，实现对刀具磨损多状态的识别。首先对振动信号进行集合经验模态分解，将其分解为若干个本征模态函数（intrinsic mode function，IMF）之和，然后计算得到三向切削力信号的均值和各本征模态函数分量的能量百分比值作为磨损状态分类特征，最后运用支持向量机和Elman神经网络对刀具在不同磨损状态下的特征数据样本进行训练和识别。实验结果证明该方法能很好地实现对刀具磨损状态的识别，与Elman神经网络相比，支持向量机具有更高的识别率，更适合小样本情况下刀具磨损状态的分类识别。
关键词：刀具磨损状态识别；集合经验模态分解；支持向量机；多传感器
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0087-05
Study of tool wear based on EEMD-SVM
JIANG Yan， FU Pan， LI Xiaohui
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: To make the signals steady in cutting-tool wear monitoring and prevent neural networks from easily falling into local minimum values during small sample modeling， we have proposed a new method to identify cutting-tool wear conditions based on multi-sensor signals， ensemble empirical mode decomposition（EEMD） and support vector machine（SVM）. First， collected vibration signals are decomposed into a number of stationary intrinsic mode functions and further into the sum of multiple intrinsic mode functions. Second， these functions are used to calculate the mean value of three-direction cutting force signals and the energy percentage of each intrinsic mode function component and the calculation results were taken as the classification features of wear conditions. Next， the characteristic samples under different wear extents were trained and identified by SVM and Elman Neural Network. The experiment shows that this method can be used to determine the wear conditions of cutting tools and the SVM has a higher identification rate and more suitable for classified identification of cutting-tool wear conditions for small samples.
Keywords: tool wear condition identification； ensemble empirical mode decomposition； support vector machine； multi-sensor
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.021
基于改进PCNN的数据降噪方法
王建国， 闫海鹏， 张文兴， 张鑫礼
（内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院，内蒙古 包头 014010）
摘 要：为去除数据中存在的噪声点，提高数据质量，提出一种基于改进PCNN的数据降噪方法。该方法在无耦合链接的简化PCNN模型基础上，改进阈值函数，添加记录神经元是否点火的矩阵以及点火时间矩阵，根据神经元初次点火时间辨识并去除噪声点，从而实现数据降噪。实验测试结果表明：该算法能够有效滤除数据中的噪声点，很好地保持原始数据的特征。
关键词：数据降噪；改进PCNN模型；阈值函数；点火时间矩阵
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0092-04
Data noise reduction method based on modified PCNN
WANG Jianguo， YAN Haipeng， ZHANG Wenxing， ZHANG Xinli
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology，
Baotou 014010，China）
Abstract: To remove the noise points in the data and improve the quality of data， a data noise reduction method based on modified PCNN is presented. In this algorithm， threshold function has been improved and a matrix which can show recorded neurons firing or not and a matrix of ignition time are added， based on the simplified PCNN model of non coupling linking. The noise points are identified and removed by the first ignition time of neurons. Thus the data noise reduction is achieved via the method. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively filter out the noise points in the data， and remain the characteristics of the original data.
Keywords: data noise reduction； modified PCNN model； threshold function； ignition time matrix
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.022
电动负载模拟器的非线性因素分析及补偿
付梦瑶1，2， 杨瑞峰1，2， 郭晨霞1，2， 张 鹏1，2， 张新华3
（1． 中北大学仪器与电子学院，山西 太原 030051； 2． 中北大学仪器科学与动态测试教育部重点实验室，山西 太原 030051；
3. 北京自动化控制设备研究所，北京 100000）
摘 要：为提高电动负载模拟器系统的动态性能和信号跟踪准确度，提出针对系统摩擦非线性和间隙非线性进行补偿的方法。分析系统存在的非线性因素及其对系统造成的影响，在此基础上建立其非线性数学模型。采用基于小波神经网络的PID控制器实现摩擦非线性补偿，同时利用间隙逆模型针对间隙非线性进行补偿。利用Matlab软件对补偿结果进行仿真验证，仿真结果显示经过补偿后系统正弦响应曲线跟随性能变好，跟踪误差明显减小，准确度得到很大改善。仿真结果证明：基于小波神经网络的PID控制器和间隙逆模型分别对摩擦非线性和间隙非线性有明显的抑制效果，系统动态性能得到提高。
关键词：电动负载模拟器；非线性；摩擦补偿；神经网络
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0096-06
Analysis and compensation for the nonlinearity of electric load simulator
FU Mengyao1，2， YANG Ruifeng1，2， GUO Chenxia1，2， ZHANG Peng1，2， ZHANG Xinhua3
（1. School of Instrument and Electronics，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China；
2. Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement，Ministry of Education，
North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China；
3. Beijing Automation Control Equipment Research Institute，Beijing 100000，China）
Abstract: To improve the dynamic performance and signal tracking accuracy of electric load simulator systems， a method have been proposed for compensating the friction nonlinearity and the gap nonlinearity of the system. Particularly， the nonlinear factors of the system and its impact are analyzed and a nonlinear mathematical model has been established. The friction nonlinearity is compensated with a PID controller based on the wavelet neural network and the gap nonlinearity is compensated through a gap inverse model. The results are verified with MATLAB software. The simulation test shows that， after compensation， the tracing performance of the sinusoidal response curve of the system is improved and the tracking error is largely reduced. Also， the simulation results indicate that the PID controller and the gap inverse model have significantly inhibited friction nonlinearity and gap nonlinearity so as to enhance the dynamic performance of the system.
Keywords: electric load simulator； nonlinearity； friction compensation； neural network
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.023
基于EMD和GA-SVM的超声检测缺陷信号识别
李大中， 赵 杰
（华北电力大学自动化系，河北 保定 071003）
摘 要：为提高金属探伤时对缺陷的识别能力，提出一种遗传优化支持向量机，结合经验模态分解（EMD），对超声波缺陷信号进行自动识别。首先进行经验模态分解法分解，提取出原始信号特征，构建特征向量。鉴于常用的神经网络模型识别率不高及支持向量机参数难确定的问题，利用遗传算法优化支持向量机模型（GA-SVM）的惩罚因子和核参数，提高支持向量机建模精度。分别采用神经网络模型、SVM模型和GA-SVM模型对特征向量进行训练与测试，GA-SVM模型识别率达到98.437 5%，优于神经网络方法和未改进的交叉验证法SVM模型。试验结果表明：遗传算法能有效提高支持向量机的性能，在小样本条件下能够提高超声缺陷的识别率。
关键词：缺陷信号识别；遗传算法；支持向量机；经验模态分解
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0102-05
Flaw signal identification in ultrasonic testing based on EMD and GA-SVM
LI Dazhong， ZHAO Jie
（Dept of Automation，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China）
Abstract: In order to improve the flaw-recognizing ability in crack detection， a genetic algorithm optimization support vector machine （GA-SVM） has been proposed to identify automatically the ultrasonic defect signals in combination with the empirical model decomposition （EMD）. First， the EMD is applied to extract the features of original ultrasonic signals and create feature vectors. Considering that common neural network models are low in recognition rate the SVM parameters are difficult to determine， the penalty factor and kernel parameter of the GA-SVM were employed to enhance the modeling precision of the GA-SVM. The feature vectors are trained and tested with the neural network model， SVM model and GA-SVM model. The recognition rate of the GA-SVM model is up to 98.437 5%， higher than the neural network model and the unimproved cross validation SVM model. Experimental results show that genetic algorithm can improve SVM performance. This machine can increase the recognition rate of ultrasonic defects in small samples.
Keywords: flaw signal recognition； genetic algorithm； SVM； EMD
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.024
EMD改进方法研究及其在燃气轮机工频特征提取中的应用
崔心瀚1，2， 马立元1， 魏忠林1， 李世龙1， 王天辉1
（1. 军械工程学院四系，河北 石家庄 050003； 2. 白城常规兵器试验中心，吉林 白城 137001）
摘 要：为抑制经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition，EMD）处理过程中的端点效应，在整理和研究现有方法的基础上，提出一种镜像延拓和极值平移相结合的端点处理方法，在最大程度地融合两种传统方法优点的同时尽可能地还原信号边界特征。该方法通过构造特征平行四边形使延拓极值处于理想区域，从而避免三次样条差值过程中包络线与信号交叉的产生，并引入Blackman窗函数对延拓信号进行边界处理，进而有效地控制延拓误差影响。经过仿真信号验证与实测信号分析，对比镜像延拓、极值平移与加窗边界处理方法的端点抑制效果，证明该改进方法能有效地抑制分解过程中出现的端点效应，并能在高频噪声干扰下较完整地提取低频信息，为燃气轮机工频特征的获取提供可靠的保证。
关键词：经验模态分解；端点效应；镜像延拓；极值平移；Blackman窗函数
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0107-07
Improved EMD and its applications in gas turbine power frequency extraction
CUI Xinhan1，2， MA Liyuan1， WEI Zhonglin1， LI Shilong1， WANG Tianhui1
（1. The 4th Department，Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China；
2. Baicheng Ordnance Test Center，Baicheng 137001，China）
Abstract: In order to dispose the end effect during empirical mode decomposition （EMD）， there comes the improved EMD. The treatment of end effect decides the extraction of signal time-frequency characteristics. Based on the study of current approaches， an effective method has been proposed in combination with mirror extension and extreme point shifting. The new method comprises the merits of the two traditional approaches and serves as the maximum restoration of signal boundary characteristics. A characteristics parallelogram has been constructed to circumscribe the prolongation extremum within an ideal region， thus preventing the envelope curve from intersecting with the signal during the process of cubic spline interpolation. Blackman window function has been introduced to dispose the extended signal boundary so as to control the influence of prolongation errors. The simulation test and actual measurement show that the method can effectively restrain end diffusion and completely extract low frequency information under the interference of high-frequency noise， compared to mirror extension， extreme point shifting and windowing boundary treatment.
Keywords: EMD; end effect； mirror extension； extreme point shifting； Blackman window function
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.025
最小熵解卷积法轮对轴承故障诊断
王 晗1， 何 刘2
（1. 中国南车股份有限公司中央研究院，北京 100036； 2. 西南交通大学 牵引动力国家重点实验室，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：针对强噪声下轮对轴承弱故障特征难以提取，以及在实际信号检测中检测信号在故障点到检测点的传播路径中有变形和失真导致实际采集信号成分复杂难以判别的问题，提出基于最小熵解卷积的轴承故障诊断方法。该方法的核心是利用熵最小原理设计最优滤波器，突出信号中的脉冲冲击，使滤波后信号近似于原始冲击信号，消除检测中传递路径对信号的干扰，对解卷积后的信号做包络谱分析达到轮对轴承故障诊断的目的。通过实验分析，基于最小熵解卷积的轴承故障诊断方法能很好突出冲击脉冲，在包络谱中能够准确检测到故障的基频和高次谐波。
关键词：轮对轴承；最小熵解卷积；包络谱；故障诊断
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0114-07
Wheel bearing fault diagnosis based on minimum entropy deconvolution method
WANG Han1， HE Liu2
（1. Central Academy of CSR Corporation Limited，Beijing 100036，China；
2. State Key Laboratory of Traction Power，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: A new approach to diagnose wheel bearing failure has been proposed with minimum entropy deconvolution（MED） to extract weak fault features of wheel bearings in strong background noise and ensure in actual signal detections that the detection signals are undistorted when passing from fault points to detection points. The core of this new approach was to design an optimal filter via MED， which was used to filter the vibration signals of wheel bearing axle boxes and make them close to the original impact signals， that is， to eliminate the interfering signals of propagation paths. The signals， after filtering， were analyzed with envelope spectrum to diagnose wheel bearing failure. Experiments have indicated that the MED method can accurately detect the fundamental frequency and harmonic components of wheel bearing faults.
Keywords: wheel bearings； MED； envelope spectrum； fault diagnosis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.026
基于改进EMD和形态滤波的滚动轴承故障诊断
文 成， 周传德
（重庆科技学院机械与动力工程学院，重庆 401331）
摘 要：针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的非平稳性特点，提出一种改进经验模态分解（EMD）和形态滤波相结合来提取故障特征信息的方法。该方法首先在原信号中加入高频谐波并进行EMD分解，减小传统EMD分解中存在的模态混叠现象，然后从高频本征模态分量（IMF）中去除高频谐波得到故障冲击成分，经形态滤波消噪后进行频谱分析，提取出故障特征信息。信号仿真分析该方法的实施过程，并将该方法成功运用于滚动轴承内圈和外圈故障的诊断。实验结果表明该方法能够有效提取滚动轴承故障特征信息，实现故障诊断。
关键词：改进经验模态分解；形态滤波；滚动轴承；故障诊断
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0121-05
Rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on improved EMD and morphological filter
WEN Cheng， ZHOU Chuande
（College of Mechanical and Power Engineering，Chongqing University of Science and Technology，
Chongqing 401331，China）
Abstract: A new technology is proposed to solve the non-stationarity in vibration signals of antifriction bearing faults in accordance with the improved empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and morphological filters. First， a high-frequency harmonic was added into the original signal and then decomposed by means of EMD to reduce the mode mixing phenomenon in traditional EMD. Next， the high-frequency harmonic was removed from the high-frequency intrinsic mode component （IMF） to obtain fault impact compositions. The fault characteristic information was extracted by spectrum analysis after morphological filter de-noising. At the same time， the above steps were simulated by signals. This method was applied to diagnose the faults in inner and outer races of antifriction bearings. The experimental results show that the method can extract the fault characteristics and diagnose the faults of antifriction bearings.
Keywords: improved empirical mode decomposition； morphological filter； rolling bearing； fault diagnosis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.027
反射导体参数对涡流栅传感器非线性误差
影响的仿真分析
李 坤， 陶 卫， 赵 辉， 杨景景， 蔡云泽
（上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院仪器系，上海 200240）
摘 要：涡流栅传感器基于横向电涡流效应设计，其反射导体参数变化对传感器测量准确度的影响比较明显，因此需要对反射导体尺寸、形状参数进行分析和优化，使其能够适应更多高准确度的测量场合。利用有限元分析方法（Maxwell软件）建立涡流栅传感器的线圈、反射导体模型，对不同尺寸、形状参数的反射导体进行仿真计算，分析反射导体长度、宽度、形状变化对涡流栅传感器的影响。分析结果表明：为提高传感器的准确度，反射导体选用略大于线圈长度和尽可能大宽度的两边半圆导体，为传感器选择合理的反射导体参数提供有利参考。
关键词：Maxwell软件；涡流栅传感器优化；有限元；反射导体
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0126-04
Simulation analysis of nonlinear error effects of conductor parameters on
eddy current sensors
LI Kun， TAO Wei， ZHAO Hui， YANG Jingjing， CAI Yunze
（Department of Instrument Science and Engineering，Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai 200240，China）
Abstract: Because of lateral eddy current effect， eddy current sensors， if the conductor parameters are changed， will be greatly influenced in terms of measurement precision. Therefore， the size and shape and other parameters of the conductor needs to be analyzed and optimized， so that the sensor can be tuned for more high-precision measurement occasions. Coil and conductor models were created with finite elements analysis（FEA） to emulate and calculate different sizes and shapes of conductors and analyze how the sensor was influenced by the changes in conductor length， width and shape. The analytical results have demonstrated that the measurement precision of the sensor can be enhanced if the conductor is semicircular on both sides， slightly longer than its coil and as wide as possible. The study has provided a good way of choosing rational conductor parameters to improve the measurement precision of eddy current sensors.
Keywords: Maxwell software； eddy current sensor； FEA； conductor
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.028
TOF-SIMS二次离子光学系统仿真研究
刘晓旭1， 齐国臣1， 包泽民1， Stephen Clement2， 邱春玲1， 田 地1， 龙 涛2
（1. 吉林大学仪器科学与电气工程学院，吉林 长春 130022； 2. 中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京 100037）
摘 要：为实现飞行时间二次离子质谱仪（TOF-SIMS）对二次离子束的提取并提高仪器的调试效率，采用离子光学仿真软件SIMION 8.0对TOF-SIMS二次离子光学系统进行仿真。以稳定同位素铜离子为对象，通过仿真，研究二次离子光学系统中二次离子提取系统透镜电极电压的调整对质量分辨率的影响，确定最佳透镜电极电压组合,并得到稳定同位素铜离子的仿真谱图。仿真研究表明：当初级提取电极电压为800 V、单透镜有效电极电压为-4 400 V时，质量分辨率最高。在TOF-SIMS实验平台上对铜样品靶进行实验测试，实验与仿真结果相吻合，表明设计的二次离子光学系统可用于TOF-SIMS仪器的二次离子束提取，为实验参数的选择提供参考，从而提高仪器调试效率。
关键词：飞行时间二次离子质谱仪；二次离子光学系统；仿真；透镜电极电压；质量分辨率
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0130-04
Simulation research of secondary ion optical system in TOF-SIMS
LIU Xiaoxu1， QI Guochen1， BAO Zemin1， Stephen Clement2， QIU Chunling1， TIAN Di1， LONG Tao2
（1. College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130022，China；
2. Institute of Geology，Chinese Academy of Geological Science，Beijing 100037，China）
Abstract: In order to extract secondary ion beams with TOF-SIMS and improve its commissioning efficiency， this paper has simulated the secondary ion optical system in TOF-SIMS based on ion optical simulation software SIMION 8.0. Taking stable isotopic copper ions as the study objects， this paper simulated what would happen to the mass resolution after the adjustment of electrode voltage in the secondary ion extraction system， determined the best combination of electrode voltage in lens， and obtained the simulation spectrum for stable isotopic copper ion. The study reveals that the highest mass resolution can be achieved when the voltage on the primary extraction electrode is 800 V and the voltage on the effective electrode in the einzel lens is-4 400 V. After that， experiments are conducted to test the copper sample target on a TOF-SIMS experimental platform. The results are consistent with those gained by simulation， which indicates that this system can be used for extracting secondary ion beams in TOF-SIMS and the simulation test can provide a reference selecting experimental parameters to increase the equipment commissioning efficiency.
Keywords: TOF-SIMS； secondary ion optical system； simulation； voltages of electrodes in lens； mass resolution
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.029
基于改进AHP和GSD的舰载反潜直升机作战效能评估
吴 杰1， 孙明太2， 吴福初1
（1. 海军航空工程学院五系，山东 烟台 264001； 2. 海军航空工程学院青岛校区，山东 青岛 266041）
摘 要：针对舰载反潜直升机作战效能评估中常用的综合概率法、模糊指数法和神经网络法等方法的不足，提出一种基于层次分析法（analytic hierarchy process，AHP）和灰色局势决策（grey-situation decision，GSD）法相结合的多方案评价改进方法，并将其应用于舰载反潜直升机作战效能评估中。该方法可有效弥补前几种方法的不足，给出应用实例，结果表明该方法简单有效，可推广应用到其他系统的效能评估中。
关键词：反潜直升机；作战效能；层次分析法；灰色局势决策
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0134-04
Operational effectiveness evaluation of shipborne anti-submarine helicopter based
on improved AHP and GSD
WU Jie1， SUN Mingtai2， WU Fuchu1
（1. Dept. of the Fifth，Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University，Yantai 264001，China；
2. Qingdao Branch of Naval Aeronautical and Astronautical University，Qingdao 266041，China）
Abstract: Aiming at the shortcoming of usual methods such as synthetical probability method， fuzzy index method and neural netword method in operational effectiveness evaluation of shipborne anti-submarine helicopter， a comprehensive improved method combined on AHP and grey-situation decision is put forward to assess the effectiveness.The method can offset shortcoming of former methods effectively.It also give a application example，the example shows that the method is easy and clear， can be popularized to other system’s effectiveness evaluation.
Keywords: anti-submarine helicopter； operational effectiveness； AHP； grey-situation decision
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.030
加速老化作用下发射药的内弹道性能研究
张艳明， 罗兴柏， 刘国庆， 甄建伟， 陈言坤
（军械工程学院，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：为研究发射药内弹道性能随着储存时间增长的变化，通过高温加速老化试验的方法模拟得到不同储存时间的发射药。利用密闭爆发器装置对不同老化时间下的11/7发射药、7/14发射药的内弹道参数进行测试，得到发射药燃烧过程中压强随时间以及燃速随压强的变化过程。试验结果表明随着老化时间的增长，发射药的最大膛压越高；发射药老化时间越长，在相同的压强下发射药燃速越大。但是不同老化时间发射药的最大膛压值及燃烧值相差幅度不大。
关键词：发射药；高温加速老化；内弹道性能；存储时间
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0138-03
Study of interior ballistics property of propellant under accelerated ageing
ZHANG Yanming， LUO Xingbai， LIU Guoqing， ZHEN Jianwei， CHEN Yankun
（Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: In order to study the interior ballistics properties changing of propellants as the storage time goes， the propellants are attained by high temperature accelerated ageing tests. Interior ballistics properties of 11/7 and 7/14 propellants are tested by manometric bomb under different storage time， the pressure via time and burning rate via pressure changing procedure are got. The test results show that the value of max pressure and burning rating under same pressure increase as the storing times goes， but increment amplitude is small.
Keywords: propellant； high temperature accelerated ageing； interior ballistics property； storage time
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.01.031
无卤阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯的阻燃性能研究
李洪涛1， 郅惠博1， 王 涛1， 王 彪1， 吴益文1， 杨丹丹2
（1. 上海出入境检验检疫局工业品与原材料检测技术中心，上海 200135； 2. 上海第二工业大学环境与材料工程学院，上海 201209）
摘 要：采用熔融共混法制备高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）/磷酸锆（OZrP）阻燃材料。利用热重分析（TGA）研究其热稳定性和成炭量。利用微燃烧量热分析（MCC）和锥形量热仪测试（CCT）测试其阻燃性能。结果表明：磷酸盐的加入，使得阻燃体系的成炭量有所增加，并且HIPS的热释放速率（HRR）和热释放容量（HRC）均有降低，相比纯HIPS，添加磷酸盐的HIPS材料热释放速度（HRR）上升较慢，这一结论与MCC、TGA的结果一致。可以看出，层状磷酸锆的加入，可显著改善HIPS基体的阻燃性能，降低其火灾危险性。
关键词：高抗冲聚苯乙烯；磷酸锆；阻燃性能；微燃烧量热分析；火灾危险性
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）01-0141-04
Study on flame retardancy of halogen-free flame retardant high impact polystyrene
LI Hongtao1， ZHI Huibo1， WANG Tao1， WANG Biao1， WU Yiwen1， YANG Dandan2
（1. Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Inspection and Testing of SHCIQ，
Shanghai 200135，China；
2. School of Environmental and Materials Engineering，Shanghai Second Polytechnic University，
Shanghai 201209，China）
Abstract: High impact polystyrene （HIPS）/organophilic alpha-zirconium phosphate （OZrP） composites have been prepared through melting interaction. Thermogravimetric Analysis （TGA） has revealed that HIPS/OZrP composites have charred residues increased in quantity compared with pure HIPS. Micro-scale Combustion Calorimetric Analysis （MCC） has indicated that the heat release rate (HRR) and heat release capacity （HRC） of HIPS decrease remarkably after phosphate is added. The Cone Calorimeter Test （CCT） has shown that the HRR of HIPS/OZrP composites rises slowly compared with that of pure HIPS， as the phosphate has promoted the formation of charred residues. This conclusion is identical with the MCC and TGA results. All the experiments have demonstrated that the addition of layered zirconium phosphate can improve the flame retardancy of HIPS as largely as to prevent fire hazards.
Keywords: HIPS； OZrP； flame retardancy； micro-scale combustion calorimetric analysis； fire hazard
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