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doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.001
原子力显微镜探针悬臂弹性常数校正技术进展
屈泽华， 卜 娟， 潘晓霞
（聚合物分子工程国家重点实验室，复旦大学高分子科学系，上海 200433）
摘 要： 利用原子力显微镜对材料表面的力学性能进行定量表征时，需要准确知道原子力显微镜探针悬臂的弹性常数，所以对弹性常数进行校正十分重要。该文综述近年来对探针悬臂弹性常数的校正方法，主要包括维度法、静态挠度法、动态挠度法。维度法对不同悬臂形状（主要针对矩形、V型）进行阐述，分析不同方法使用的数学模型与优缺点；静态挠度法不仅对方法的数学模型进行阐述，还着重介绍近年来对该方法精确度的改进研究；动态挠度法以附加质量法、Sader法与热调谐法分别阐述，比较3种方法的模型特点与先进性；最后分析常用探针适合使用的校正方法，对今后校正方法的发展提供参考。
关键词：探针悬臂；弹性常数；校正；综述
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0001-06
Research progress on the calibration methods for elastic constant of atomic
force microscopy cantilevers
QU Zehua， BU Juan， PAN Xiaoxia
（State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers，Department of Macromolecular Science，
Fudan University，Shanghai 200433，China）
Abstract: It’s vital to know exactly the elastic constant of the cantilever of an atomic force microscope before the mechanical properties of material surfaces are quantitatively characterized with this device. This paper has reviewed corresponding calibration methods used in recent years， comprising dimensional method， static deflection and dynamic deflection. The dimensional method is designed for expounding different cantilever shapes （mostly rectangular and V-shaped）， the mathematical models and their advantages and disadvantages of different methods will be analyzed in this paper. The static deflection is used to explain the mathematical models and the study on the accuracy improvement of these methods particularly. The dynamic deflection is reviewed separately with three approaches namely added mass method， Sader method and thermal tuning method. The model characteristics and advancement of the three methods are compared here. In the end， several suitable calibrations also be discussed for common cantilevers; the research prospect of these calibration methods are proposed.
Keywords: cantilever； elastic constant； calibration； summary
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.002
单滚筒底盘测功机主要参数测定方法研究
欧阳爱国， 毕朋飞， 刘燕德， 刘志雄
（华东交通大学机电工程学院，江西 南昌 330013）
摘 要：针对单滚筒底盘测功机在测量过程中出现测量精度降低的问题，运用实验法对单滚筒底盘测功机的测力系统、测速系统分别提出校准方法，利用惯性原理对基础惯量、寄生阻力和加载阻力分别进行测定。试验数据表明：测力系统最大偏差处的误差仅为0.02%，测速系统最大偏差＜0.01%，测得的基础惯量值偏差小、稳定性高，测得的测功机寄生阻力最大偏差值仅为-1.41N，汽车在道路上的行驶阻力与校准后的底盘测功机上的行驶阻力的最大偏差均＜5%，证明该校准方法精度高、可靠，为单滚筒底盘测功机的校准提供理论依据和参考价值。
关键词：单滚筒底盘测功机；惯性原理；基础惯量；寄生阻力；加载阻力
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0007-05
Study on main parameter determination of single cylinder chassis dynamometers
OUYANG Aiguo， BI Pengfei， LIU Yande， LIU Zhixiong
（School of Mechatronics Engineering，East China Jiaotong University，Nanchang 330013 China）
Abstract: Calibration methods for force-measuring system and velocity-measuring system are separately proposed on the basis of experimentation to enhance the measurement accuracy of single cylinder chassis dynamometers. The basic inertia， parasite drag and load resistance are determined via the principle of inertia. According to experimental data， the error at the max deviation of the force-measuring system is merely 0.02% and the max deviation of the velocity-measuring system is less than 0.01%. Moreover， the basic inertia value is small in deviation and high in stability， whereas the max. deviation of the parasite drag is only -1.41 N. The max deviations in the running resistance of vehicle and the corrected running resistance of the chassis dynamometer are both lower than 5%. Experimental data show that this new calibration method is accurate and reliable and has provided theoretical basis and reference value for calibrating single-cylinder chassis dynamometers.
Keywords: single-cylinder chassis dynamometer； determination； inertia principle； basic inertia； parasite drag； load resistance
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.003
LM算法求解大残差非线性最小二乘问题研究
祝 强1， 李少康1， 徐 臻2
（1. 西安工业大学测试与控制技术研究所，陕西 西安 710021； 2. 西安共达精密机器有限公司，陕西 西安 710075）
摘 要：针对传统LM算法求解大残差非线性最小二乘问题时存在算法失效的现象，分析Hessian矩阵与其近似矩阵的相似度对LM算法有效性的影响，提出一种依据残差变化方向搜索信赖域区间的自寻优LM算法。优化阻尼系数的更新算法，引入大残差引起的局部不收敛判断条件，以最速下降法结束当前迭代。迭代过程均以目标函数值的减小作为接受条件，算法稳定可靠。圆拟合测试结果证明:自寻优LM算法对待求参数初始值的选取不敏感，在15°夹角短圆弧、大残差等极端条件下仍可获得较快的收敛速度和良好拟合效果。自寻优LM算法具有较强的鲁棒性和稳定性，性能明显优于传统LM算法。
关键词：LM算法；高斯牛顿法；最小二乘；残差
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0012-05
Study of solving nonlinear least squares under large residual based on
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
ZHU Qiang1， LI Shaokang1， XU Zhen2
（1. Institute of Measurement and Control Technology，Xi’an Technological University，Xi’an 710021，China；
2. Xi’an GongDa Precision Machine Co.，Ltd.，Xi’an 710075，China）
Abstract: The traditional Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LM algorithm) is always invalid in solving large residual nonlinear least squares problems. Thus, how the similarity between Hessian matrix and its approximate matrix influences the effectiveness of the traditional LM algorithm is analyzed. And a self-optimizing LM algorithm that the residual changing direction is used to search for trust-region intervals is proposed. The updating algorithm of damping coefficient is improved; A judging condition is introduced to solve the local divergence caused by large residual; and the LM algorithm is substituted by the steepest descent method. It is the unique accepting condition that the objective function value is decreased continuously in the iterative process. The self-optimizing LM algorithm is stable and reliable. Circle fitting tests show that the self-optimizing LM algorithm is insensitive to the initial value of searching parameters. Under the extreme conditions such as large residual and the short arc of 15° included angle, the convergence is fast and the fitting results are good, which proves that this new algorithm is robust and stable and its performance is superior to the traditional LM algorithm.
Keywords: Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm； Gauss-Newton algorithm； least squares； residual
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.004
动态环路法磁矩测量技术试验研究
刘超波， 王 斌， 易 忠， 孟立飞， 肖 琦， 代佳龙
（北京卫星环境工程研究所，北京100094）
摘 要：动态环路法磁矩测量技术是一种新的磁矩测量技术，为了解其实际性能指标，提出一种可以获得动态环路法测量误差和分辨率的测试方案。利用标准磁体模拟被测物，通过改变标准磁体的位置模拟被测物在任意方向的偏心情况，给出9组被测标准磁体设计方案。通过对比不同标准磁体的磁矩测量结果，得到原理样机在一定误差条件下的磁矩分辨率，并给出提高分辨率的方法。试验结果表明：动态环路法原理样机偶极磁矩测量误差＜5%，磁心坐标测量误差＜20%；在偶极磁矩测量误差＜5%时，原理样机的磁矩分辨率可达0.06 A·m2。动态环路法具有良好的性能指标，可以用于高精度磁矩测量。
关键词：磁矩；动态环路法；误差；分辨率
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0017-04
Experimental study on dynamic loop method for magnetic moment measurement
LIU Chaobo， WANG Bin， YI Zhong， MENG Lifei， XIAO Qi， DAI Jialong
（Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering，Beijing 100094，China）
Abstract: Dynamic loop method is one of the newest magnetic moment measuring techniques and its performance has not been precisely evaluated yet. A testing scheme is designed to assess the measuring errors and resolutions of this method. That is， standard magnets are assembled into nine simulators of different frameworks to simulate the off-centered dipoles of the measured objects in any direction. The magnetic moments of these simulators are measured by the dynamic loop method and then compared with the results calculated by electromagnetism theory. The results show that the measuring error in the magnetic moment of prototype dipoles is lower than 5% and that of magnetic center coordinates is no more than 20%. When the measuring error of dipole magnetic moment is within 5%， the resolution is as high as 0.06 A·m2. This suggests the dynamic loop method has sound performance indexes and can be applied in high-precision magnetic moment measurement.
Keywords: magnetic moment； dynamic loop method； error； resolution
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.005
不同晶体时间响应参数对脉冲辐射测量统计
涨落影响评估
郭洪生， 张建华， 杨高照， 朱学彬， 胡青元
（中国工程物理研究院核物理与化学研究所，四川 绵阳 621900）
摘 要：为评估不同时间响应参数的无机晶体所造成的统计涨落对零功率堆瞬发中子时间常数α测量结果的影响，构建数值模型对其进行计算。结果表明：原本为负常数的α曲线，经过不同时间响应参数的晶体卷积后，α值由常数变成曲线；且在时间零点附近急剧变化，甚至出现正数值；晶体时间响应参数越大，偏离α值越多；对于不同的晶体，时间零点附近α值变化区间不一样，慢晶体的变化区间最长。
关键词：零功率堆；瞬发中子时间常数；无机晶体；时间响应参数；统计涨落
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0021-03
Effects evaluation of pulsed radiation measurement statistical fluctuation
caused by time responses of scintillators
GUO Hongsheng， ZHANG Jianhua， YANG Gaozhao， ZHU Xuebin， HU Qingyuan
（Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry，CAEP，Mianyang 621900，China）
Abstract: Different time responses of scintillators result in different fluctuation in pulsed radiation measurement which play great influence on the measurement of time constant α of zero power assembly. Mathematical models are established to evaluate the influence in this paper. Results show that the initial negative constant values of α turns to curves due to convolution of different time responses of scintillators. Values of α changes drastically and there are even positive values of α. The slower the time reoponse is， the more deviation of α. Especially， the time variation section of α changes differently around the zero point of time axis for different scintillators. The time variation section of α is the longest for the slowest time response of scintillators.
Keywords: zero power reactor； instant neutron time constant； inorganic scintillator； time response parameter； statistical fluctuation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.006
介电谱在镥铝石榴石晶体中的应用
邢 琳， 曲良辉， 葛向红， 刘生满， 任海振
（中原工学院理学院，河南 郑州 450007）
摘 要：为研究提拉法生长的镥铝石榴石单晶中的缺陷，采用波长为254 nm、功率为36 W的4根低压汞灯灯管，室温下在距离镥铝石榴石单晶样品15 cm远处对其进行紫外光辐照24 h，之后在样品上下两个7 mm×7 mm表面镀上电极，置于一夹具内，夹具内部由机械泵维持真空环境，外部由液氮控制温度，利用HP4194A阻抗分析仪对紫外光辐照前后的镥铝石榴石单晶进行介电谱测试。实验结果表明：紫外光辐照后的镥铝石榴石单晶的介电损耗峰出现弛豫，由该弛豫峰对频率的依赖关系表明这种介电弛豫行为是属于偶极子取向极化的弛豫型响应，由此根据偶极子的弛豫机理推断在镥铝石榴石单晶的晶格中可能存在一定数量的缺陷。
关键词：镥铝石榴石；介电谱；缺陷；紫外光；偶极子
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0024-04
Application of dielectric spectroscopy in lutetium aluminum garnet crystal
XING Lin， QU Lianghui， GE Xianghong， LIU Shengman， REN Haizhen
（College of Science，Zhongyuan University of Technology，Zhengzhou 450007，China）
Abstract: To study the defects in lutetium aluminum garnet crystal grown by Czochraski method， samples are irradiated under ultraviolet light （UV） by 4 low pressure mercury lamps （254 nm-wavelength， 36 W） placed 15 cm from the samples for 24 h at room temperature. Later， the 7 mm×7 mm surface of these samples is coated with silver films and then placed inside an evacuated cylindrical chamber， the exterior of which is submerged in liquid nitrogen during the experiment. Then， dielectric spectroscopy measurement is performed on both the irradiated and the original samples with a HP4194A impedance analyzer. The results show that the dielectric loss peaks of the irradiated samples appear relaxation effects. The dependency of these relaxation peaks on frequency indicates that the dielectric relaxation behavior is a response to the orientation polarization of a permanent dipole. It therefore can be inferred， according to the relaxation mechanism of the dipole， a certain number of defects may exist in lutetium aluminum garnet crystal.
Keywords: lutetium aluminum garnet； dielectric spectroscopy； defect； UV； dipole
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.007
电磁兼容辐射骚扰场强测试能力验证的探讨
余洪文， 柯 进， 梁新兴， 史信荣， 熊洋洋
（广东省计量科学研究院，广东 广州 510405）
摘 要：为减小不同实验室辐射骚扰场强测试结果的差异，保证测试结果的量值统一，研究电磁兼容辐射骚扰场强测试能力验证。从测试方法、测试场地、测试系统、测试人员等方面系统分析测试结果的主要影响因素，提出具体的实施方法，提高测试结果的可靠性。实践证明：该方法有助于主导实验室和参比实验室对电磁兼容辐射骚扰场强测试能力验证活动的顺利实施和执行；同时，可提升电磁兼容检测实验室的检测能力。
关键词：电磁兼容；辐射骚扰；场强测试；能力验证；比对
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0028-04
Discussions on laboratory proficiency testing of EMC radiated
disturbance field strength
YU Hongwen， KE Jin， LIANG Xinxing， SHI Xinrong， XIONG Yangyang
（Guangdong Institute of Metrology，Guangzhou 510405，China）
Abstract: A proficiency testing of EMC radiated disturbance field strength is introduced to reduce disparities in the testing results of EMC radiated disturbance field strength in different laboratories so as to ensure uniform measuring results. The main influence factors of the measuring results are systematically analyzed from test methods， test sites， test systems to test personnel. Moreover， other effective approaches are proposed to improve measurement accuracy. Practice proves that this approach can help pilot laboratories and participating laboratories to implement and finish comparison tests， and also， it is conducive to enhancing the testing compatibility of EMC laboratories.
Keywords: EMC； radiated disturbance； field strength measurement； proficiency testing； comparison
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.008
利用瑞利波检测层状混凝土结构的材料特性
吴荣兴1，2， 于兰珍1，2， 王海林1， 李建中1
（1. 宁波职业技术学院建工学院，浙江 宁波 315800； 2. 宁波大学机械与力学学院，浙江 宁波 315211）
摘 要：为获得层状混凝土结构的材料特性，利用瑞利波在半无限大混凝土和层状混凝土中的传播规律，分别建立两种模型中瑞利波传播的波速方程。基于获得的层状混凝土结构中瑞利波的波速方程，提出一种从实测波速来推定混凝土材料特性的反演方法。通过数值计算获得两种模型中波速和混凝土弹性模量的关系曲线，理论计算结果与实验结果基本一致。研究结果表明：由于混凝土层的相互作用，结构中存在多个瑞利波振动模态以及相应的波速，同时波速和上层混凝土弹性模量之间存在对应关系。建立的研究方法和计算结果可直接应用于实际混凝土的瑞利波检测。
关键词：瑞利波；混凝土；弹性模量；检测；波速
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0032-04
Detection of material properties of layered concrete structures using Rayleigh wave
WU Rongxing1，2， YU Lanzhen1，2， WANG Hailin1， LI Jianzhong1
（1. Department of Architectural Engineering，Ningbo Polytechnic，Ningbo 315800，China；
2. School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics，Ningbo University，Ningbo 315211，China）
Abstract: In order to obtain the material properties of layered concrete structures， velocity equations for Rayleigh wave of two models are established according to the propagation law of Rayleigh waves in semi-infinite concrete structures and layered concrete structures. Based on the velocity equations obtained in layered concrete structures， an inverse method is proposed to calculate the material properties with the wave velocities measured. The relation curves between wave velocities and the elastic modulus of concrete in the two models are obtained via numerical computation. And the results are similar to the experimental results. The research results show that there are many vibration modes and corresponding velocities in layered concrete structures because of concrete layer interaction， as well as a corresponding relation between wave velocities and the elastic moduli of upper concrete layers. The established research method and its computation results can be directly applied to detect the surface acoustic waves of real concrete.
Keywords: Rayleigh wave； concrete； elastic modulus； detection； wave velocity
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.009
银黄清肺胶囊化学成分的LC-ESI-MS/MS分析
汪 丹1，2， 蔡 甜3， 吴志军3， 蒋学华1
（1. 四川大学华西药学院，四川 成都 610041； 2. 成都大学医学院，四川 成都 610106； 3. 中国科学院成都生物所，四川 成都 610041）
摘 要：研究液质联用技术对银黄清肺胶囊化学成分的分析。对银黄清肺胶囊提取物进行LC-MS分析，确定分子式，鉴定出部分质谱峰的结构。共发现36种化合物，其中有蔗糖、尿苷、2，3-二脱氧尿苷、没食子酸、奎尼酸、新绿原酸、表没食子儿茶素、原儿茶酸、莽草酸、阿魏酸、咖啡酸、反式阿魏酸、犬尿喹啉酸、羟基苯甲酸、4-甲氧基芥子酸、山奈酚、异鼠李素、大黄素18种未在正离子模式下的液质联用文献中报道过。复方中药的有效成分LC-MS检测,正离子模式适用于检测大多数杂原子化合物，负离子模式更适用于含羧基、多羟基的化合物（如酚酸、多酚类、部分黄酮和苷类）的检测，为银黄清肺胶囊进一步质量研究及检测方法选择提供理化依据。
关键词：银黄清肺胶囊；LC-ESI-MS；酚酸；黄酮
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0036-05
LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of chemical constituents in Yinhuang Qingfei capsule
WANG Dan1，2， CAI Tian3， WU Zhijun3， JIANG Xuehua1
（1. West China School of Pharmacy，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610041，China；
2. School of Medicine and Nursing，Chengdu University，Chengdu 610106，China；
3. Chengdu Institute of Biology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Chengdu 610041，China）
Abstract: To analyze chemical constituents of Yinhuang Qingfei capsules by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS\MS method. The extracts of Yinhuang Qingfei capsules are analyzed with LC-MS method to determine molecular formula and identify the structures of partial spectral peak. 36 compounds are found， including sucrose， uridine， 2，3-deoxyuridine， gallic acid， quinic acid， Neochlorogenic acid， （-）-Epigallocatechin， protocatechuic acid， shikimic acid， ferulic acid， caffeic acid， trans ferulic acid， kynurenic acid， Hydroxybenzoic acid， 4-methoxy-erucic acid， kaempferol， isorhamnetin， Emodin， 18 components that are not reported in HLPC-MS literatures under the positive ion mode.In LC-MS detection of active ingredients in compound traditional Chinese medicine， the positive ion mode can be applied to detect most hetero atomic compounds while the， negative ion mode is more suitable to detect carboxyl-containing and polyhydroxy compounds （such as phenolic acid， polyphenol， flavonoid and glycoside）. This paper has laid a foundation for further studying and testing the quality of Yinhuang Qingfei capsules.
Keywords: Yinhuang Qingfei capsules； LC-ESI-MS； phenolic acids； flavonoids
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.010
甲苯萃取-GFAAS法测定高盐食品中微量砷
秦樊鑫， 姜 鑫， 黄先飞， 吴 迪， 庞文品， 吕亚超
（贵州师范大学 贵州省山地环境重点实验室，贵州 贵阳 550001）
摘 要：建立甲苯萃取-石墨炉原子吸收测定高盐食品中砷的方法。用微波消解样品，甲苯萃取分离砷，硝酸镍作基体改进剂，钯涂层石墨炉原子吸收法测定高盐食品中微量砷。结果表明：用甲苯萃取砷提高了回收率，很好地消除基体干扰；用硝酸镍作基体改进剂，提高砷的灰化温度和灵敏度，方法的相对标准偏差≤1.12%（n=6）；回收率达到97.5%～104.5%；检出限为0.038 mg/kg。该法灵敏、准确、可靠，可用于高盐食品中微量砷的测定。
关键词：甲苯；石墨炉原子吸收；高盐食品；砷；基体改进剂
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0041-04
Determination of trace arsenic in the salty food by GFAAS after toluene extraction
QIN Fanxin， JIANG Xin， HUANG Xianfei， WU Di， PANG Wenpin， L?譈 Yachao
（Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Mountainous Environment，Guizhou Normal University，
Guiyang 550001，China）
Abstract: A method for determination of arsenic in salty food samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry（GFAAS） after toluene extraction is established. The samples are digested with a microwave system. Arsenic is extracted and separated from these samples with toluene. The Pd-coated GFAAS determins the contents of arsenic in samples with Ni（NO3）2 as a matrix modifier. The results show that the recovery of arsenic has been improved after toluene extraction， the charring temperature enhanced， and the interference of matrix eliminated. The relative standard deviation of this method is equal or less than 1.12%（n=6）. Recoveries ranging from 97.5% to 104.5% are obtained in the spiked samples. The detection limit is 0.038 mg/kg. The proposed method is sensitive， accurate and credible， which can be used to measure trace arsenic in salty food.
Keywords: toluene； GFAAS； salty food； arsenic； matrix addition
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.011
加速溶剂萃取气相色谱-质谱法检测土壤中双酚A
克 选
（甘肃省张掖市环境监测站，甘肃 张掖 734000）
摘 要：建立加速溶剂萃取后利用气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中双酚A的检测方法。样品前处理采用加速溶剂萃取，经硅胶柱净化，以HP-5MS色谱柱，采用气相色谱-质谱联用全扫描和选择离子扫描进行分析。结果表明：双酚A在0.1~10.0 mg/L的质量浓度范围内，线性良好，相关系数为0.999 3；方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg（S/N=3）。在0.1，1.0，
10 mg/kg这3个加标水平下，样品的平均回收率为82.5%~101.7%，相对标准偏差（RSD）≤3.3%。该方法简便快速，灵敏度及准确度高，可用于土壤中双酚A的分析测定。
关键词：加速溶剂萃取；气相色谱质谱；土壤；双酚A
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0045-03
Determination of bisphenol-A in soil using GC-MS combined with accelerated
solvent extraction
KE Xuan
（Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangye City，Zhangye 734000，China）
Abstract: A method is developed to determine bisphenol-A in soil with gas chromatography- mass spectrometry （GC-MS） after accelerated solvent extraction. It is carried out by the following steps: prepare samples via accelerated solvent extraction， purify the prepared sample on a silica gel column， further separated it on an HP-5MS column， and then analyze it via GC-MS full scanning and selective ion monitoring（SIM）. The calibration curves of bisphenol-A showed a good linearity and the correlation coefficient and detection limit（S/N=3） thereof are 0.999 3 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively， under the optimized conditions namely ranging from 0.1 mg/L to 10.0 mg/L. The average recovery rate of the sample is within 82.5%-101.7% at the spiked levels of 0.1， 1.0， 10.0 mg/kg， with the relative standard deviation（RSDs） lower than 3.3%. This method is simple and rapid with high sensitivity and resolution. It can be used to determine the amount of bisphenol-A in soil.
Keywords: accelerated solvent extraction； GC-MS； soil； bisphenol-A
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.012
大米中限用合成色素测试方法研究
王彧婕， 叶善蓉， 刘明东， 谭和平
（中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：合成色素由于其芳香结构的特殊性，具有高毒性和高残留，因此食用染色大米会对人体健康产生极大的危害。该文建立高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱定性检测大米中52种限用合成色素的方法。样品经过正己烷、水和乙腈、1%氨水-甲醇分3级提取。采用XDB-C18液相色谱柱分析，正离子模式采用1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱，负离子模式采用20 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液和乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱，ESI全扫描模式检测。结果表明：52种合成色素分别得到有效提取，加标回收率为80%~102%。通过优化锥孔电压，得到52种合成色素的最大丰度分子离子峰，与标准物质谱图数据库的匹配度均达到95%以上。该定性检测方法对大米中滥用色素筛查具有良好的适应性。
关键词：高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱；大米；合成色素；定性检测
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0048-05
Determination of limitative synthetic pigments in rice
WANG Yujie， YE Shanrong， LIU Mingdong， TAN Heping
（National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: Synthetic pigment in dyed rice is harm to human health because of its special aromatic structure as well as high toxicity and high residual. HPLC-TOF/MS is introduced in this paper to determine 52 kinds of limitative synthetic pigment in rice. First， samples are extracted with n-hexane， acetonitrile and water， and 1% aqueous ammonia-methanol in succession; second， a XDB-C18 HPLC column is used for analysis; third， 1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile are used for mobile phase gradient elution in positive ion mode while 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate and acetonitrile are used for mobile phase gradient elution in negative ion mode; and the last step is ESI full scan testing. The results show that all the synthetic pigment is efficiently extracted， with an adding standard recovery of 80% to 102%. Cone voltage is optimized to acquire the most abundant molecular ion peaks of the synthetic pigment， matching with the results in reference material spectra databases by more than 95%. This qualitative detection method has good adaptability in screening the rice with synthetic pigment.
Keywords: HPLC-TOF/MS； rice； synthetic pigment； qualitative detection
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.013
响应面法优化红花酢浆草抑菌活性物质的提取工艺研究
张玉枫1， 张金华1， 黄 瑶1， 李开秀1， 杨莉娜2， 王 丹1
（1. 成都医学院生物医学系，四川 成都 610500； 2. 中国科学院环境与应用微生物重点实验室，四川 成都 610041）
摘 要：为建立红花酢浆草抑菌活性物质的最佳提取工艺，在单因素实验的基础上，选取提取时间、乙醇体积分数和固液比为自变量，抑菌圈直径为响应值，建立数学模型，求解得到最佳提取条件和理论最大抑菌圈并验证。结果显示，红花酢浆草抑菌活性物质的最佳提取工艺为：乙醇体积分数73%，提取时间78 min，固液比1∶31 g/mL。此时，红花酢浆草醇提取物拮抗金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径为30.17 mm，较优化前提高67.61%。响应面优化法不仅效率高，而且可靠性强，可准确预测抑菌圈直径。同时，证明红花酢浆草的醇提取物具有较为广泛的抑菌谱。
关键词：红花酢浆草；抑菌活性；响应面法；抑菌谱；提取工艺
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0053-06
Extraction process optimization of antibacterial active substance from
Oxalis corymbosa by response surface method
ZHANG Yufeng1， ZHANG Jinhua1， HUANG Yao1， LI Kaixiu1， Yang Li’na2， WANG Dan1
（1. Department of Biomedicine，Chengdu Medical College，Chengdu 610500，China；
2. Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology，Chengdu Institute of Biology，
Chinese Academy of Sciences，Chengdu 610041，China）
Abstract: An optimum process is designed for extracting antibacterial active substance from Oxalis corymbosa. The extraction time， ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio are selected as independent variables based on single factor experiment and the diameter of the inhibition zone is considered as response value. After that， a mathematical model is established to calculate and verify the optimal extraction conditions and the theoretically maximum inhibition zone. The optimum extraction process is shown as follows： 73% ethanol concentration， 78 min extraction time， 1∶31 g/mL solid-liquid ratio. Under these conditions， the maximum antibacterial diameter is 30.17 mm， which has been increased by 67.61% after optimization. The response surface optimization method introduced in this paper is not only efficient but also reliable； with it， the inhibition zone diameter has been accurately predicted. Besides， the alcohol extract of Oxalis corymbosa has been proved to have a wide range of antibacterial spectra.
Keywords: Oxalis corymbosa； antimicrobial activity； response surface method； antibacterial spectrum；
extraction process
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.014
基于电感模型的高压比例电磁阀无传感器位置检测
蔡胜年， 林春爽， 梁 禹
（沈阳化工大学信息工程学院，辽宁 沈阳 110142）
摘 要：介绍一种基于电感模型的氢气燃料电池汽车用高压比例电磁阀无传感器位置检测的方法，此方法以比例电磁阀的非线性模型为基础，适用于计算或者监测比例电磁阀工作过程中移动铁心的实时位置。经过仿真分析和数学推导，构建出电磁阀的电感模型以及移动铁芯位置检测的计算模型。再对计算模型进行实用性验证实验，结果显示其最大误差在10%以内，符合工程实际应用。该方法简单实用，易于实现，适用于计算或者监测高压比例电磁阀工作过程中移动铁心的实时位置。
关键词：电磁阀；无传感器；电感；位置检测
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0059-05
Sensor-free position detection of proportional solenoid valves based
on inductance model
CAI Shengnian， LIN Chunshuang， LIANG Yu
（College of Information Engineering，Shenyang University of Chemical Technology，Shenyang 110142，China）
Abstract: A sensor-free position detecting method is introduced to test high-pressure proportional solenoid valves for hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on an inductance model. This method can be applied to monitor the real-time positions of movable cores in the working process of proportional solenoid valves in accordance with a nonlinear model for proportional solenoid valves. Moreover， an inductor model for proportional solenoid valve and a calculation model for detection of movable core positions are established with the results of simulation and mathematical derivation. The availability of the calculation model is verified through practical tests as well. The experimental results show that the maximum detection error is within 10%， conforming to practical engineering application. This method is simple， practical， easy to implement， and can be used to calculate or monitor the real-time positions of proportional solenoid valves.
Keywords: solenoid valve； sensor-free； inductance； position detection
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.015
一种防护热板法导热系数测量装置研制
刘运传， 孟祥艳， 王 康， 周燕萍， 王雪蓉， 段 剑， 王倩倩， 李峙澂， 张 霞
（山东非金属材料研究所，山东 济南 250031）
摘 要：该文介绍一种防护热板法导热系数高温测量装置，其具备温度、长度与热量可溯源性。采用耐高温不锈钢板加工护热板与计量板，热电堆控制量护温差，PT100型铂电阻温度传感器控制温度，金属杆式二等标准铂电阻温度计测量样品热面与冷面的温度，安捷伦3458A多功能数字表测量0.01 Ω标准电阻与计量板加热器电压计量板的热量，冷板上安装位移传感器实时测量受热样品的厚度。在600 ℃条件下，装置温控重复性的标准偏差约为0.01 ℃，测量硅酸钙板的导热系数为0.194 W/（m·K），相对标准偏差约为1%。
关键词：导热系数；护热板；重复性；可溯源
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0064-03
Development of guarded heat plate thermal conductivity measuring apparatus
LIU Yunchuan， MENG Xiangyan， WANG Kang， ZHOU Yanping， WANG Xuerong， DUAN Jian，
WANG Qianqian， LI Zhicheng， ZHANG Xia
（Shandong Nonmetallic Materials Institute，Ji’nan 250031，China）
Abstract: A guarded hot-plate thermal conductivity measuring apparatus is introduced in this paper. This instrument has the traceability of temperature， length and heat and comprises a guarded hot plate and a measuring plate， both processed from high temperature-resistant stainless steel， a thermopile to control temperature differences， a PT100 platinum resistance temperature sensor， a metal bar-type second-standard platinum resistance thermometer to measure the temperature of hot and cold sample surface， an Agilent 3458A digital multi-meter to measure 0.01 Ω standard resistance and the heat quantity of the voltage measuring plate of the measuring plate heater， and a displacement sensor installed on a cold plate to detect the thickness of heated samples in real time. Under the condition of 600 ℃， the standard deviation in temperature control repeatability is about 0.01 ℃， the thermal conductivity of measured calcium silicate plates are 0.194 W/（m·K）， and the relative standard deviation is approximately 1%.
Keywords: thermal conductivity； guarded hot plate； repeatability； traceable
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.016
瞬态高压多点压力测试系统
舒跃飞1， 李新娥1， 刘雪飞1， 梁彦斌1， 潘保青2
（1. 中北大学 电子测试技术国家重点实验室，山西 太原 030051； 2. 北京跟踪与通信技术研究所，北京 100094）
摘 要：针对目前密闭空间内瞬态高压高温燃爆场测试中无法有效获取多点压力信息，该文在压力测试仪的基础上，研制量程为600 MPa， 抗3 200 K瞬时高温的多点压力测试系统。测试系统的塑料光纤传光器件、高强度光窗、屏蔽薄膜，使其能适应密闭空间内瞬态高压高温燃爆场测试环境。通过测试系统多路光纤的光触发信号，同步多个测试仪工作的同时，可使测试系统在强电磁环境下对多点进行压力测试。运用有限元仿真软件LS-DYNA，对密闭空间内瞬态高压高温燃爆场进行压力仿真并获取多点的压力信息，仿真结果与已有的实验数据吻合较好；某些区域压力有多个峰值，某些区域间波形差异很大，这些区域压力特性可为测压器的布置数量与位置提供参考。
关键词：燃爆场测试；同步触发；数值模拟仿真；压力测试
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0067-06
Transient high-pressure multi-point pressure testing system
SHU Yuefei1， LI Xin’e1， LIU Xuefei1， LIANG Yanbin1， PAN Baoqing2
（1. National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology，North University of China，
Taiyuan 030051，China；
2. Beijing Institute of Tracking and Communication Technology，Beijing 100094，China）
Abstract: Presently， multi-point pressure information cannot be obtained in the test of high pressure and temperature transient explosion fields in confined space. To solve this problem， this paper has designed a multi-point pressure testing system based on the pressure tester. This 600 MPa system can be used at a transient temperature of 3 200 K. The system is adaptive to severe testing environments due to its plastic optical fiber， high strength optical window and electromagnetic shielding film. The light-triggered signals from multiplex optical fibers are measured to synchronize the work of multiple testers and help the system to get the pressure information at different points under strong electromagnetic environment. LS-DYNA， namely finite element simulation software， is used to simulate the pressure at transient high-pressure high-temperature burning and explosion fields within confined space and obtain multi-point pressure information. The simulation results agree with existing experimental data. The pressure of some regions has several peaks， and there is a big difference between the waveforms of some regions. The pressure characteristics of these regions can be used as a reference for determining the numbers and positions of pressure measuring devices.
Keywords: explosion field test； synchronous trigger； numerical simulation； pressure test measurement
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.017
基于SOPC的8通道地震数据采集系统设计
孙富津， 张林行， 曹家铭， 杜赫然
（吉林大学地球信息探测仪器教育部重点实验室，国家地球物理探测仪器工程技术研究中心，吉林 长春 130061）
摘 要：针对多通道地震仪在并行数据采集和降低功耗方面所面临的问题，提出基于可编程片上系统（system on a programmable chip，SOPC）的多通道数据并行采集方案。该采集系统包括前端采集电路、以太网通信电路以及FPGA主控制系统，采集电路包括模拟开关、程控放大器、前端调理电路以及A/D、D/A转换器。基于FPGA控制系统开发符合AMBA（advanced microcontroller bus architecture）总线标准的多通道并行采集控制器IP核。通过对采集系统进行测试，证明该采集系统能够稳定可靠运行，可实现并行数据同步采集，有效降低地震仪功耗，整机功耗为2.38 W。
关键词：可编程片上系统；低功耗；IP核；数据采集
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0073-04
Design of eight-channel seismic data acquisition system based on SOPC
SUN Fujin， ZHANG Linhang， CAO Jiaming， DU Heran
（Key Lab of Geo-exploration Instrumentation，Ministry of Education，National Engineering Research
Center of Geophysics Exploration Instruments，Changchun 130061，China）
Abstract: A SOPC （System on a Programmable Chip）-based solution for multi-channel parallel data acquisition Is introduced to solve the problems in multi-channel parallel data acquisition of seismograph and to lower power consumption in this process. This acquisition system includes a front-end acquisition circuit， Ethernet communication circuit and a FPGA main control system. The acquisition circuit is composed of an analog switch， a programmable amplifier， front-end signal conditioning circuit， an A/D convertor， and a D/A convertor. Based on the main control system of FPGA， an IP core is designed to acquire data in accordance with the AMBA （Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture） standard. Experiments demonstrate that this acquisition system can run stably and smoothly， collect parallel data synchronously， greatly reduce power consumption of seismographs to 2.38 W as a whole.
Keywords: SOPC； lower power consumption； IP core； data acquisition
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.018
反射法现场吸声系数测量装置
谢荣基， 万宇鹏， 桂 桂
（中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：因现有的材料吸声系数测量方法无法对现场材料安装后的吸声系数进行测量，该文通过对现场吸声系数测量方法的研究，以反射法为基础，结合时选窗技术和波形消除技术，研制一套测量现场吸声系数的装置。使用研制的测量装置对样品进行测量，测量结果与驻波管测量结果等进行比较，验证所研制系统进行现场吸声系数快速测量的有效性。
关键词：吸声系数；现场测量；脉冲反射法；时选窗技术
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0077-04
On-site sound absorption coefficient measuring system based on reflection method
XIE Rongji， WAN Yupeng， GUI Gui
（National Institution of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: The exiting Acoustical coefficients methods cannot be used to measure actual acoustic absorptivity after materials are installed on site. An on-site measuring device is developed on the basis of sound reflection method， along with time-selective window technology and wave elimination technology. This new device is used to test samples. It shows that this new device is more efficient compared to the laboratory test methods mentioned above.
Keywords: sound absorption coefficient； field measurement； pulse reflection method； time-selective window technology
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.019
基于目标姿态的弹目碰撞检测模型
王 刚， 梅 卫， 刘 恒
（军械工程学院电子与光学工程系，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：为通过弹目碰撞检测统计命中弹数并计算武器系统的命中概率，研究建立基于目标姿态的弹目碰撞检测模型，根据目标外形建立等效几何体，利用空间解析几何分析弹丸与目标的位置关系，给出弹丸与目标碰撞的判读条件和计算公式。该模型不用考虑复杂的坐标变换，不涉及力学和动力学内容，能够高效地进行弹目碰撞检测。仿真实例结果表明：目标姿态能对碰撞检测产生明显影响，忽略目标姿态的检测模型会造成错判和漏检；同时也验证该模型的准确性和实时性。
关键词：仿真；碰撞检测；命中概率；解析几何；姿态
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0081-04
Model of projectile-target collision detection based on target attitude
WANG Gang， MEI Wei， LIU Heng
（Electronic and Optical Engineering Department，Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: In order to calculate the hitting projectiles number and hitting probability of weapon system， a collision detection model based on target attitude was developed. Equivalent geometry of the target was built and the space location relation between shell and target was analyzed by analytic geometry at the same time. Then the judging condition and the calculating expressions of collision detection were proposed. The model can calculate hitting projectiles efficiently by evading coordinate transformation and dynamics. Simulation results indicated that collision detection must take the target attitude into account because the detection judgment could be affected by the target attitude markedly. They also illustrated that the algorithm had good accuracy and real-time characteristics.
Keywords: simulation； collision detection； hitting probability； analytic geometry； attitude
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.020
迭代能量算子机械故障诊断研究
唐贵基， 庞 彬
（华北电力大学机械工程系，河北 保定 071003）
摘 要：旋转机械元件的故障振动信号通常为多分量调幅调频信号，针对此类信号的故障特征提取问题，介绍一种基于迭代能量算子的机械故障诊断方法。首先阐述迭代能量算子对多分量信号的各分量信号进行幅值包络提取和平滑瞬时频率估计的基本原理；然后通过仿真试验给出与Hilbert-Huang变换的比较，表明该方法解调精度很高且速度较快；最后给出滚动轴承故障诊断实例，证明基于迭代能量算子的多分量调幅调频信号解调方法能有效地提取机械故障振动信号的故障特征。
关键词：多分量解调；Gianfelici模型；幅值包络分量；平滑瞬时频率；机械故障诊断
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0085-05
Research on mechanical fault diagnosis based on iterated energy operator
TANG Guiji， PANG Bin
（School of Mechanical Engineering，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China）
Abstract: The fault vibration signals of rotary mechanical components are generally multi-component AM-FM signals. A new approach for mechanical fault diagnosis based on Iterated Energy Operator is introduced to extract the fault features of those signals. First， the basic principle of this operator is set forth in extracting the amplitude envelope and estimating the smooth instantaneous frequency of each component signal. Second， a simulation test is conducted and the test results are compared with Hilbert-Huang transformation. This new method has been proved to be more accurate and faster. Third， an example namely the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings is given to demonstrate that this new approach can better extract the fault features of mechanical fault signals.
Keywords: multi-component demodulation； Gianfelici model； amplitude envelope component； smooth instantaneous frequency； mechanical fault diagnosis
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.021
BP神经网络曲线识别技术及在探雷上的应用
闫 岩， 孙彩堂， 周逢道， 刘长胜
（吉林大学仪器科学与电气工程学院，吉林 长春 130026）
摘 要：提出一种基于BP神经网络的地雷识别方法，利用电磁探测方法测得的地雷响应曲线对地雷进行识别。首先分析BP神经网络对4类常见曲线（正弦波、方波、锯齿波、梯形波）的识别效果，通过改变隐含层节点数、学习算法等网络参数以及对正常曲线加入一定比例的噪声，仿真分析它们对曲线识别的影响。实验结果表明：该方法对正常曲线的识别率几乎均达到100%，对于噪声＜10%的信号也具有较高的识别能力。将该技术应用于地雷的识别中，取得比较好的识别效果。
关键词：BP神经网络；曲线识别；网络参数；识别率；地雷识别
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0090-04
Curve recognition technology based on BP neural network and its
application in landmine detection
YAN Yan， SUN Caitang， ZHOU Fengdao， LIU Changsheng
（College of Instrument Science and Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130026，China）
YAN Yan， SUN Caitang， ZHOU Fengdao， LIU Changsheng
（College of Instrument Science and Electrical Engineering，Jilin University，Changchun 130026，China）
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.022
基于小波包和PSO优化神经网络的刀具状态监测
唐 亮， 傅 攀， 李 敏
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：为改进BP神经网络进行刀具磨损状态识别时训练时间较长、收敛速度较慢、测试精度不够高、甚至完全不能训练等问题，引入一种全局搜索能力强，收敛速度快的算法——粒子群优化算法（PSO），用其来优化BP神经网络参数，改进网络的训练和识别性能。实验证明：经粒子群算法优化后的BP神经网络较原网络有更快的训练迭代收敛速度和更高的测试准确度，达到优化的目标，对实现数控刀具磨损状态的智能化在线监测具有重要意义。
关键词：BP神经网络；磨损状态识别；PSO；优化
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0094-05
Study on monitoring of cutting tool conditions with optimized BP neural networks
based on wavelet packets and PSO algorithm
TANG Liang， FU Pan， LI Min
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Southwest JiaoTong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: An algorithm-particle swarm optimization （PSO） which has stronger global searching capability and faster convergence speed was proposed. It was used to optimize the parameters and improve the training and recognition performance of BP neural networks. Experiments show that the training， iteration and convergence speeds of BP neural networks optimized by PSO are much shorter and their testing accuracy is much higher compared with original ones. This is significant in realizing intelligent online monitoring of the wear conditions of NC cutting tools.
Keywords: BP neural network； wear condition recognition； PSO； optimize
高动态DS/FH信号的载波捕获技术研究
董汉清， 王玉文， 孟凡计
（电子科技大学航空航天学院，四川 成都 611731）
摘 要：针对高动态跳频信号的载波同步技术问题，提出一种混合域联合估计算法，包括基于时域的扩展卡尔曼滤波和基于频域的FFT算法。理论研究和仿真结果表明：直扩载波捕获可以在一个跳频时隙内完成，继而引导跳频端同步跟跳，满足系统要求。
关键词：直扩/跳频；高动态；扩展卡尔曼；快速傅里叶变换
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0099-04
Study of carrier capture for high dynamic DS/FH signals
DONG Hanqing， WANG Yuwen， MENG Fanji
（Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，
Chengdu 611731，China）
Abstract: The main reason is its complex Doppler shift under high dynamic characteristics. For the carrier synchronization problem of high dynamic frequency hopping signals， a mixed-domain joint estimation algorithm has been proposed. The algorithm consists of the extended Kalman filter based on the time domain and FFT algorithm based on frequency domain. The theoretical studies and simulation results show that DS carrier capture can be done in the time slot of a frequency hopping， and then guide the hopping side to synchronize with the jump， which meet the system requirements.
Key words: DS/FH； high dynamic； EKF； FFT
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.024
改进LMD分解和RBF神经网络的柴油机故障诊断研究
李会龙， 崔宝珍， 马 恺， 王 珊， 滕绯虎
（中北大学机械与动力工程学院，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：柴油机作为大型机械的核心动力部件，其运行状态的监测和诊断尤为重要，但由于其工作环境复杂，振动信号包含大量噪声，所以特征向量难以有效提取，严重制约柴油机的故障诊断技术。该文将传统局域均值分解进行改进并将其与小波降噪相结合对原始振动信号进行降噪处理，并且利用改进局域均值分解法提取特征向量，最后应用径向基（RBF）神经网络进行故障识别。在实验中，采集4种故障工况和1种正常工况下的振动信号，利用上述方法完成对5种工况下的诊断，正确率达到95%。实验结果表明：该方法较改进前有明显进步，能有效诊断发动机故障，并且具有较高的正确率和较强的实用价值。
关键词：柴油机故障诊断；局域均值分解；小波分解；RBF神经网络
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0103-06
Diesel engine fault diagnosis based on improved LMD and RBF neural network
LI Huilong， CUI Baozhen， MA Kai， WANG Shan， TENG Feihu
（School of Machanical and Power Engineering，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: Diesel engines are core power units of large machinery and so monitoring and diagnosing their operation conditions become particularly important. This is because the working environment is complicated and vibration signals often contain much noise， which make feature vectors difficult to extract， thus seriously restricting the application of fault diagnosis technology. Therefore， traditional local mean decomposition is improved and combines with wavelet de-noising technology to reduce the noise of original vibration signals. The improved method is used to extract feature vectors at the same time and a RBF neural network is employed to identify diesel engine faults. In experiments， the vibration signals under 4 fault cases and 1 normal case are collected and diagnosed with this new method， and the diagnostic accuracy is up to 95%. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more practical and accurate than traditional methods.
Keywords: diesel engine fault diagnosis； LMD； wavelet decomposition； RBF neural network
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.025
点燃式发动机瞬态空燃比自适应控制策略研究
严浩铭1， 孙仁云1， 陈德刚2， 汪科任1
（1. 西华大学交通与汽车工程学院，四川 成都 610039； 2. 成都安美科燃气技术有限公司，四川 成都 610039）
摘 要：阐述发动机稳态工况闭环控制的特点，分析导致瞬态空燃比匹配不当的原因，设计空燃比加性误差与乘性误差模型，提出自适应补偿的方案，最后基于Matlab/Simunlink建立空燃比控制系统模型并验证自适应补偿控制策略。结果表明：当出现误差时，自动改变空燃比修正值调整燃料喷射量，空燃比波动＜1%。
关键词：发动机；瞬态；空燃比；自适应
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0109-04
Study on self-adaption control strategy of transient air-fuel ratio of
spark ignition engines
YAN Haoming1， SUN Renyun1， CHEN Degang2， WANG Keren1
（1. School of Transportation and Automotive Engineering，Xihua University，Chengdu 610039，China；
2. Amico Gas Technology Co.，Ltd.，Chengdu 610039，China）
Abstract: The closed-loop control characteristics of engines under steady-state operating conditions are explained in this paper. First， the causes of mismatched transient air-fuel ratio are investigated. Second， an additive error model and a multiplicative error model of air-fuel ratio is designed. Third， an adaptive compensation scheme is proposed accordingly. According to Matlab/Simulink， a simulation model of air-fuel ratio control system is established and the adaptive compensation scheme is verified. The results show that when an error occurs， the fluctuation in air-fuel ratio is lower than 1% after the modified value of air-fuel ratio correction value is automatically changed to adjust fuel injection.
Keywords: engine; transient; air-fuel ratio; self-adaption
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.026
新型加固用智能碳纤维板及感知性能试验
王珍珍1， 任 鹏1， 程鸿伟1， 朱万旭3， 周 智1，2， 欧进萍1，2
（1. 大连理工大学土木工程学院，辽宁 大连 116024；
2. 大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室，辽宁 大连 116024； 3. 桂林理工大学，广西 桂林 541004）
摘 要：结合碳纤维增强树脂的强度特性与光纤布拉格光栅的传感特性研制开发出具有变形自感知能力的智能碳纤维复合板。在介绍内嵌光纤传感器的碳纤维复合板制作工艺的基础上，利用自制张拉反力架和钢筋混凝土梁进行智能碳纤维板的感知性能试验，获取包括灵敏度、线性度、重复性、迟滞性以及准确度等传感性能指标。研究结果表明：智能碳纤维板具有良好的线性度与重复性，测试精度高，是集感知和受力、功能材料和结构材料于一体的新型土木工程智能材料，既可以方便地作为混凝土结构的加固装配件，又可作为其表面的传感器件，具有良好的工程应用前景。
关键词：智能碳纤维复合板；混凝土结构加固；光纤布拉格光栅；制作工艺；自感知性能
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0113-05
New smart carbon fiber reinforced polymer plate for strengthening and
its sensing performance test
WANG Zhenzhen1， REN Peng1， CHENG Hongwei1， ZHU Wanxu3， ZHOU Zhi1，2， OU Jinping1
（1. School of Civil Engineering，Dalian University of Technology，Dalian 116024，China；
2. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering，Dalian University of Technology，
Dalian 116024，China；
3. Guilin University of Technology，Guilin 541004，China）
Abstract: A smart composite plate， combined with the strength properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） and the self-sensing properties of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)， has been developed. Its fabrication process has been briefly introduced and its sensing properties， such as sensitivity， linearity， repeatability， hysteresis and precision， have been studied through calibration experiment on specially designed reaction frames and reinforced concrete beams. The experimental results show that this smart plate is a novel smart material for civil engineering with good linearity and repeatability， high testing precision and that combines sense with stress and functional materials with structural materials， and also a reinforcement assembly for concrete structure and a sensing device mounted on its surface. It possesses a good prospect of engineering applications.
Keywords: smart CFRP plate； reinforced concrete beam strengthen； FBG； fabrication process； self-sensing property
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.027
基于声波测温和LSSVM_GA的电厂NOx排放建模与优化
马 平， 刘南南
（华北电力大学自动化系，河北 保定 071003）
摘 要：因传统燃烧优化实验控制电厂NOx排放的方法很难满足复杂多变的燃烧工况，为更智能地对NOx排放进行监测和更方便地对其进行优化，对某电厂2#炉300 MW工况下NOx排放优化实验时的DCS内运行数据和声波测温系统内的温度分布数据进行采集。利用最小二乘支持向量机，以炉膛温度信息和其他影响NOx排放的主要因素为输入，以NOx排放浓度为输出建立NOx排放预测模型，在预测模型的基础上利用遗传算法对顶部4层分离燃尽风开度进行直接寻优，达到降低NOx排放的目的。结果表明：加入炉膛温度信息后的NOx排放模型准确度更高，遗传算法优化之后的NOx排放浓度显著降低，优化后参数更符合工程实际。
关键词：声波测温；支持向量机；遗传算法；NOx排放
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0118-05
Modeling and optimization for NOx emission of power stations based on acoustic
temperature measurement and LSSVM_GA
MA Ping， LIU Nannan
（Department of Automation，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China）
Abstract: Traditional methods to control NOx emissions through combustion optimization experiments can hardly meet complicated and changeable combustion conditions now. For more intelligently monitoring and better optimizing NOx emissions， data within DCS and temperature profile within the acoustic measurement system of furnace 2# in a power station under 300 MW working condition are collected during the optimizing experiment of NOx emissions. That is， a least squares support vector machine is used to create a prediction model for NOx emission based on furnace temperature information and other factors that affect NOx emissions as input value and NOx emission concentrations as output value. Apart from the model， a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the opening of over fire air of four-layer separation on top so as to reduce NOx emissions. The results show that the NOx emission model is more accurate when furnace temperature information is added， and the NOx emission concentration is significantly reduced and the parameters are more suitable for engineering practice after the opening is optimized through the genetic algorithm.
Keywords: acoustic temperature； support vector machine； genetic algorithm； NOx emission
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.028
HT250材料超声探伤中的衰减性探究
董世运， 李浩宇， 徐滨士， 朱学耕
（装甲兵工程学院装备再制造技术国防科技重点实验室，北京 100072）
摘 要：HT250材料目前在很多行业中有广泛的应用，为探究其在超声探伤中的衰减性，利用一组参数不同的直探头测定HT250和45钢的衰减系数。检测结果表明：1）HT250衰减系数大于45钢。2）探头频率和晶片尺寸均影响着衰减系数大小。开展模拟实验分析它们对衰减系数的影响，模拟结果表明：提高探头频率使衰减系数增大，频率越高增幅越大；探头晶片尺寸增大使衰减系数减小，且探头晶片尺寸对衰减系数影响弱于频率。
关键词：HT250；衰减系数；探头频率；晶片尺寸
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0123-05
Exploration of HT250 material’s attenuation property in ultrasonic flaw inspection
DONG Shiyun， LI Haoyu， XU Binshi， ZHU Xuegeng
（State Key Lab. of Remanufacture，Armored Force Engineering Institute，Beijing 100072，China）
Abstract: HT250 materials have been extensively applied in many industries lately. To explore their attenuation property in ultrasonic flaw detection， a group of normal probes with different parameters are used to measure the attenuation coefficient of HT250 and steel 45#. The testing results indicate：1）attenuation coefficients of HT250 are greater than those of steel 45#； 2）the attenuation coefficients are impacted by probe frequency and wafer size. Their influence on attenuation coefficient is analyzed through simulation tests. Simulation results show that the attenuation coefficient increases as probe frequency increases but reduces as the wafer size enlarges， and the wafer size has smaller effect on the attenuation coefficient than the probe frequency does.
Keywords: HT250； attenuation coefficient； probe frequency； wafer size
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.029
客车整车制动稳定性硬件在环仿真研究
陆 艺1， 薛 剑2， 徐博文1， 吴佳伟1
（1. 中国计量学院，浙江 杭州 310018； 2. 简式国际汽车设计北京有限公司，北京 102206）
摘 要：针对客车在转弯或有侧向干扰时的制动稳定性分析中存在气制动系统建模非线性误差和实车实验模拟困难、危险性大等问题，采用硬件在环仿真测试技术设计一套客车整车制动稳定性仿真测试系统。首先搭建客车气制动系统的硬件实物平台，运用Matlab/Smulink建立转弯时的车体、轮胎、制动器的仿真模型，采用Matlab/xPC的实时数据采集技术对客车制动时的制动气室输出力进行数据采集，并实时反馈至车辆动力学仿真模型。系统对客车转弯时及有侧向力影响下的制动稳定性进行测试分析，试验结果表明：系统采样频率为1 kHz，输出力分辨率为10 N，可以直观地显示车辆的制动过程及结果，能够很好地对客车制动稳定性能进行测试分析，为国内客车整车制动性能的提高提供一个良好的研究平台。
关键词：硬件在环；Matlab/xPC；整车动力学模型；制动稳定性；仿真技术；气压制动
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0128-07
Research on hardware-in-the-loop simulation of bus braking stability
LU Yi1， XUE Jian2， XU Bowen1， WU Jiawei1
（1. China JiLiang University，Hangzhou 310018，China；
2. Jasmin Design，Beijing 102206，China）
Abstract: A simulation testing system for whole-bus braking stability is designed to solve the problems in brake stability of buses turning a corner or encountering side lateral interferences， such as modeling nonlinear errors in air brake systems or difficulties and dangers in real vehicle experiments， according to hardware-in-the-loop data acquisition technology. First， a physical hardware platform is built for air brake system. Second， simulation models for vehicle， tire and brake are respectively established via Matlab/Smulink. Third， the output force of the brake chamber is collected by means of Matlab/xPC real-time data acquisition technology and further fed back to dynamical simulation models. This system is applied to test the brake stability of the bus turning a corner or under the influence of lateral interferences. According to the test results， the sampling frequency and output force resolution of the system are 1 kHz and 10 N respectively. With this system， the braking processes and results have been visually displayed and the braking stability performance have been better tested and analyzed. It has provided a good research platform for improving the braking performances of home-made buses.
Keywords: hardware-in-the-loop； Matlab/xPC； vehicle dynamic model； braking stability； simulation technology； air brake
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.030
滚切机运动参数分析建模及控制仿真研究
赵汝和1， 柳润青2， 李三雁1
（1.四川大学锦城学院，四川 成都 611731； 2. 西安交通大学，陕西 西安 710049）
摘 要：针对滚切机工作过程中电机需要不断加减速满足切纸的要求并由此带来大量的功率消耗问题，通过对滚切机运动的分析，建立滚子运动参数及相关结构参数与功耗关系的数学模型，在模型的基础上采用ADAMS和Simulink仿真软件进行运动和控制的联合仿真，发现当滚子偏转角从2°变为1.5°时，整机功率增加一倍多，通过调整控制器中的PID参数，滚子角速度输出产生明显变化，而其他控制器参数的变化对输出的影响甚微。通过模型可以快速实现瓦楞生产线的节能降耗以及滚切机结构参数的优化设计。
关键词：数学建模；控制仿真；滚切机；ADAMS；Simulink；功率控制
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0135-05
Study on rotating cutter motion analysis modeling and control simulation
ZHAO Ruhe1， LIU Runqing2， LI Sanyan1
（1. Jincheng College of Sichuan University，Chengdu 611731，China；
2. Xi’an Jiaotong University，Xi’an 710049，China）
Abstract: As a large amount of power consumption occurs in the working process of rotating cutters due to constant acceleration or deceleration of motors， a mathematical model is designed according to the motion of rotating cutters. The model reflects the relation between roller motion parameters， structure parameters and power consumption. At the same time， simulation software ADAMS and Simulink are used to simulate motion and control. It shows that when the deflection angle of the roller varied from 2° to 1.5°， the total power is doubled. After the PID parameters in the controller are adjusted， the angular velocity output of the roller changed significantly but almost unaffected when other parameters are regulated. This method can be used to save energy and reduce consumption in corrugated production lines and optimize the structural parameters of rotating cutters.
Keywords: mathematical model； control simulation； rotating cutter； ADAMS； Simulink； power control
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.03.031
自适应传输范围VANETs车间通信性能分析
杨志强， 田进华
（黄淮学院，河南 驻马店 463000）
摘 要：动态拓扑结构以及变化的车联网VANETs（vehicular ad hoc networks）给车间通信连接提出挑战。为此，提出基于自适应传输范围建立车间通信方案。首先通过车辆速度、车间距以及车到达率分布知识，推导车辆自适应的传输范围以及传输功率，并得出连接中断的概率；同时，推导同向车间通信连接和反向车间通信连接的分布。最后，通过仿真验证理论推导其正确性。结果表明：车辆自适应传输范围能够有力地提高车间通信连接概率。
关键词：车间通信；传输范围；连接；车辆密度；车联网
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）03-0140-05
Adaptive transmission range-based vehicle-to-vehicle communication
connectivity performance analysis
YANG Zhiqiang， TIAN Jinhua
（Huanghuai University，Zhumadian 463000，China）
Abstract: Dynamic topology and unstable vehicular density have posed a challenge to connect vehicle-to-vehicle communication in vehicular ad hoc networks （VANETs）. Therefore， a scheme namely adaptive transmission range-based vehicle-to-vehicle communication connection has been proposed in this paper. First， adaptive transmission range and transmission power have been derived by the knowledge about the speed， arrival rate and distance of vehicle; second， the outage probability of connectivity has been computed; third， the distribution expression of connectivity between the same-direction vehicle and the opposite-direction vehicle has been derived. Simulation results show that the derivation is correct and the adaptive transmission range can be applied to improve the probability of vehicle-to-vehicle communication connectivity to a large extent.
Keywords: vehicle-to-vehicle communication； transmission range； connectivity； vehicular density； VANETs
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