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doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.001
磁敏弹性体微结构扫描电镜表征原理
剖析及前处理方法优化
张胜强1， 孙凌玉2
（1. 北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院，北京 100191；
2. 北京航空航天大学 新能源汽车高效动力传动与系统控制北京重点实验室，北京 100191）
摘 要：对试样液氮脆断后进行扫描电镜观察是研究材料微观结构的常用方法，但应用于磁性羟基铁粉填充的磁敏弹性体试样时，却很难获得理想效果。通过对橡胶高分子结晶现象和低温脆断理论的分析，揭示脆断截面无法形成裸露的羟基铁粉链的机理；提出机械切割和抛光相结合的截面处理方法，得到的样品截面可满足扫描电镜对磁敏弹性体表面微结构的表征要求。通过对扫描电镜工作原理和成像理论的分析，阐述磁性材料产生的杂散磁场与扫描电镜磁透镜的磁场、入射电子束、收集器电压产生的耦合作用。这种耦合作用使在样品表面按一定时间和空间顺序做光栅式逐点扫描的入射电子束发生畸变，改变磁敏弹性体发射的二次电子的运行轨迹，使二次电子收集器收集效果变弱，降低图像质量。根据绝缘电阻测试得到不同体积分数羟基铁粉的磁敏弹性体的电导率，确定金属离子真空溅射和粘贴导电胶的试样处理方法。提出磁敏弹性体样品的退磁方案，并得到理想的微观形貌图像。
关键词：磁敏弹性体；扫描电镜；液氮脆断；高分子结晶；磁场
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0001-05
Analysis on scanning electron microscope representation theory of
magnetic-sensing elastomer microstructure
ZHANG Shengqiang1， SUN Lingyu2
（1. School of Transportation Science and Engineering，Beihang University，Beijing 100191，China；
2. Beijing Key Laboratory for High-efficient Power Transmission and System Control of Mwe Energy
Resource Vehicle，Beijing University，Beijing 100191，China）
Abstract: scanning electron microscope observation is a common method to study microstructure of materials after brittle failure of sampled liquid nitrogen. However， it is difficult to obtain an ideal effect when the method is applied for the magnetic-sensing elastomer filled with magnetic hydroxy iron powders. The analysis on polymer crystallization phenomenon of rubber and low temperature brittle fracture theory revealed the mechanism that brittle fracture cross section can not form an exposed hydroxy iron powder chain and proposed a method of combination of mechanical cutting and polishing for cross section processing and the cross section obtained in this way can meet the representation requirements of scanning electron microscope on surface microstructure of magnetic-sensing elastomer. Based on the analysis of working principle and imaging theory of scanning electron microscope， it explained the stray magnetic field of magnetic materials and the coupling effect generated by magnetic field and incident beam of magnetic lens of scanning electron microscope and collector voltage. This coupling effect will make incident beam that is in point-by-point raster scanning state as per a proper time and space sequence on sample surface distorted， which can change the moving path of secondary electron launched by magnetic-sensing elastomer， making the collection effect of secondary electron collector weaker and reducing image quality. According to insulation resistance test， the conductivity of magnetic-sensing elastomer filled with magnetic hydroxy iron powders with different volume fractions was obtained and procesing method for metal ion vacuum sputtering and pasting conducting resin sample were proven effective. Besides， demagnetization plan for magnetic-sensing elastomer sample was proposed and ideal microstructure image was also obtained.
Keywords: magnetic-sensing elastomer； scanning electron microscope； liquid nitrogen brittle fracture； polymer crystallization； magnetic field
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.002
坦克发动机技术状况检测与评价方法研究
靳 莹， 乔新勇， 顾 程
（装甲兵工程学院机械工程系，北京 100072）
摘 要：为克服目前依据摩托小时来判别装备技术状况存在的不易区分相同或相近摩托小时的发动机技术状况的缺点，提出利用发动机动力性、经济性和磨损可靠性指标进行坦克发动机技术状况多参数综合定量评价的方法。采用发动机瞬时转速检测方法提取动力性和磨损可靠性评价参数，通过试验测量燃油和机油消耗率作为经济性评价参数，构建发动机技术状况评价指标体系。利用模糊理论对评价参数进行模糊处理，采用变权综合法建立多参数综合评价模型，实现对坦克发动机技术状况的模糊综合评价和分级评定。试验分析结果表明：该方法能准确有效地判别发动机的真实技术状况。
关键词：坦克；发动机；技术状况；模糊评价；变权综合法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0006-05
Research on method for detecting and assessing of tank engine technical state
JIN Ying， QIAO Xinyong， GU Cheng
（Department of Mechanical Engineering，Academy of Armored Force Engineering，Beijing 100072，China）
Abstract: As the method of judging the technical state of tank engine by motor hours adopted at present cannot classify the state of engines with the same or similar motor hours， this paper puts forwards that the technical state of tank engine can be assessed through many parameters such as power performance of engine， economic performance of engine and wear reliability of engine. By establishing the parameters for power performance and wear reliability assessment of engine through instantaneous speed test of engine， measuring the fuel and oil consumption through test and taking them as parameters for assessment of economic performance of engine， an indicator system for the assessment of the technical state of engine is established. These assessment parameters are processed on a fuzzy theoretical basis and a comprehensive multi-parameter assessment model is established with variable weight synthetic method. As a result， the comprehensive fuzzy assessment and graded assessment of the technical state of tank engine are realized. The analysis result shows that this approach can judge the technical state of engine effectively and accurately.
Keywords: tank； engine； technical state； fuzzy assessment； variable weight synthetic method
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.003
电动汽车低于30 MHz频段EMI测试标准分析
曾 博， 邓俊泳， 林道祺， 林 青， 刘国荣
（中国电器科学研究院有限公司，广东 广州 510275）
摘 要：针对电动汽车高度集成的电力驱动系统可能带来电磁兼容性问题，分析国际现行电动汽车低于30 MHz频段电磁骚扰测试标准，指出各标准对测量仪器、测量场地规定较为一致，但天线系统类型、位置布局、测试方向、检波方式以及汽车工况有不同要求，GB/T 18387——2008规定巡航工况，CISPR 36规定巡航、空挡2种工况，这两项标准未明确普遍提出使用测功机要求；SAE J551-5：2012规定巡航、制动、怠速3种工况，必须使用测功机。结果表明：制定中的CISPR 36开始关注30 MHz以下频段电磁干扰（electromagnetic interference，EMI）特性，国际上EMI测量手段一致，测量对象、评价指标则各有区别，SAE J551-5：2012标准通过设置能够模拟出常规驾驶时可能存在的工况，以保证电动汽车在各种情况使用的过程中不会出现辐射超标的现象。
关键词：电动汽车；电磁干扰；测试方法；包络检波；车辆工况
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0011-04
Comparison of below 30 MHz electric vehicle EMI measurements method standard
ZENG Bo， DENG Junyong， LIN Daoqi， LIN Qing， LIU Guorong
（China National Electric Apparatus Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Guangzhou 510275，China）
Abstract: Electric vehicle’s drive system might bring electromagnetic compatibility problems. Current international standards of electric vehicles below 30 MHz electromagnetic compatibility measurements were compared. The stipulation of measuring instrument and ground in different standards were consistent， however， direction， location， envelope-demodulation， type of antennas system， and the vehicle conditions differred. Cruise operating condition was set up by GB/T 18387——2008， cruise and neutral were stipulated by CISPR 36. A non-enforcement using dynamometer were put forward by these two standards. Result showed that CISPR 36 was being developed for below 30 MHz band EMI measurements. The measuring devices were consistent， but the measuring methods， objects， and evaluation index were distinguishing. Different vehicle conditions were also stipulated for EMI measuring in SAE J551-5：2012.
Keywords: blade electric vehicle； EMI； measurement method； envelope-demodulation； vehicle conditions
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.004
天然气管道滑坡位移监测技术及应用
何 莎1， 彭星煜2， 吴云冬2， 喻建胜1， 宋日生1
（1. 川庆钻探工程公司安全环保质量监督检测研究院，四川 广汉 618300； 2. 西南石油大学，四川 成都 610500）
摘 要：介绍滑坡位移监测技术相关理论，基于某天然气管道滑坡段的环境地质特征，结合滑坡特征、成因机制、发展趋势及影响，分别采用精密全站仪极坐标法和测斜仪对其实施地表位移监测和深部位移监测。通过对监测数据的分析，得出某天然气管线所属滑坡区域正处于蠕动期，雨季活动将更为活跃，对此提出有针对性的治理措施及建议，以保障管道的安全运行。
关键词：天然气管道；滑坡；地表位移监测；深部位移监测
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0015-06
Technology for landslide displacement monitoring along gas pipeline and application
HE Sha1， PENG Xingyu2， WU Yundong2， YU Jiansheng1， SONG Risheng1
（1. Safety Environment Quality Surveillance and Inspection Research Institute of CNPC Chuanqing
Drilling & Exploration Corporation，Guanghan 618300，China；
2. Southwest Petroleum University，Chengdu 610500，China）
Abstract: Based on the geological characteristics of a landslide segment along a gas pipeline and the features of landslide， the causes， development trend and influences， the surface displacement monitoring and deep displacement monitoring are completed with an entire station by polar coordinate method and with an inclinometer respectively. Analysis on the monitored data indicates that the landslide area along the gas pipeline is in the creep stage and will be more active in rainy season. Therefore， targeted measures and suggestions are proposed to ensure the safe operation of pipeline.
Keywords: gas pipeline； landslide； surface displacement monitoring； deep displacement monitoring
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.005
室内用灯的光生物安全测试与分析
侯晓妮， 孙登峰， 张云嫦， 孙嗣旸， 钱杉杉， 乔 倩
（中国测试技术研究院，四川 成都 610021）
摘 要：针对我国室内常用的LED灯及荧光灯可能存在光生物安全问题，从市场上随机选取5个品牌4～13 W的灯共计36只，依据GB/T 20145——2006 《灯和灯系统的光生物安全》分别测量每只灯的实际色温、蓝色比、光生物安全评价参量，并对其光生物安全进行评价。结果显示：标称色温与实测色温差异较大，且普遍存在，最大可达1 071 K；36只灯中存在光生物安全问题的灯有4只，其危害主要为蓝光小光源危害或蓝光视网膜危害。对此，重点分析室内用灯蓝光危害与亮度和蓝色比的关系，研究表明：应用实测亮度与亮度限量值评估蓝光危害的结果与标准方法基本一致；高色温室内用灯往往具有较高的亮度和蓝色比，存在光生物安全危害的可能性更大。因此，建议加强对室内用灯色温的监督管理，并需对高色温室内用灯的光生物安全进行评价，以确保室内用灯的光生物安全。
关键词：荧光灯；LED灯；光生物安全；蓝光危害；蓝光小光源
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0021-06
Measurement and analysis of photobiological safety of indoor lamps
HOU Xiaoni， SUN Dengfeng， ZHANG Yunchang， SUN Siyang， QIAN Shanshan， QIAO Qian
（National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology，Chengdu 610021，China）
Abstract: Different LED lamps and fluorescent lamps were randomly purchased from market and were measured according to GB/T 20145——2006 in the light of photobiological safety problems indoor. The data of color temperatures， ratio of blue light and related components were collected and photobiological safety was evaluated. The results have showed that there were large differences between measured color temperatures and nominal color temperatures， and small parts of lamps have been blue light hazards or blue light small light source damage. In this regard， the authors have focused on the relationship between blue light hazards and brightness， and blue percentage. The research shows that the method of measuring brightness and the standard method are basically the same， the high color temperatures have a higher brightness value and larger blue percentage， which is of a greater likelihood of biological hazards. Therefore， it is recommended to strengthen supervision and management of lamps used in the greenhouse， and evaluate the photobiological hazards of lamps， in order to ensure the photobiological safety of lampsindoor.
Keywords: fluorescent lamp； LED lamp； photobiological safety； blue light hazard； blue light small light source
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.006
改进最小二乘法双目视觉位姿测量技术研究与测试
徐昌源， 全燕鸣， 郭清达
（华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510641）
摘 要：由于工件表面油污、光照等因素干扰导致工件图像提取的特征点偏离实际位置，对工业机器人的抓取定位带来较大误差。该文以视觉引导工业机器人抓取气缸盖为应用对象，对双目视觉高准确度位姿测量技术进行分析。首先探讨特定条件下的双目视觉定位引导机器人技术以及粗差点产生原因与解决方法情况；其次介绍视觉系统视觉坐标系和目标坐标系，然后在位姿测量数学模型的基础上提出改进最小二乘法的准确计算方法，并搭建双目视觉引导的工业机器人抓取气缸盖系统进行测试分析。测试表明：改进最小二乘法的位姿计算方法可实现双目视觉对目标物的全自由度位姿测量，满足工业机器人高准确度抓取操作。
关键词：改进最小二乘法；双目视觉；位姿测量；工业机器人；气缸盖抓取
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0027-04
Research and test of binocular vision pose estimation based on improved
least square method
XU Changyuan， QUAN Yanming， GUO Qingda
（School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510641，China）
Abstract: Due to the factor of the surface oil pollution of workpiece and environmental light， the extracted feature points of the images of workpieces deviate from actual position， which causes bigger errors to the grasping and positioning of robots. In this paper， through the application of the grasping of cylinder heads by vision-guided robots， the high precision measurement technology of binocular vision was analyzed. Firstly， the industrial robot application of the binocular vision guiding technology and the causes of gross erroneous points and solutions were discussed. Secondly， world coordinate system of visual system and workpiece coordinate system ware introduced. Then， a method of improved least square on the basis of measurement pose on the mathematical model calculation was proposed， and build a binocular vision guide industrial robot grasping the cylinder head test and analysis system. The test showed that posture calculation methods of improved least square could realize full freedom of binocular vision pose measurement of targets， and could meet high precision grasping of industrial robots.
Keywords: improved LS method； binocular vision； pose estimation； industrial robot； cylinder head grasping
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.007
基于最小二乘法的电力系统谐波与间谐波检测方法
刘小林1， 扈罗全1，2
（1. 苏州大学城市轨道交通学院，江苏 苏州 215021； 2. 苏州出入境检验检疫局，江苏 苏州 215104）
摘 要：为能够对电力系统中谐波与间谐波信号进行精确的检测，提出一种基于最小二乘法的谐波与间谐波检测方法。首先从数学理论和工程应用论证该方法在谐波与间谐波检测中的可行性。该方法用最小二乘法对被测信号进行函数拟合，通过拟合函数的系数实现谐波与间谐波的检测。通过对实际应用中典型信号的Matlab仿真表明,该方法能够准确检测谐波与间谐波分量的频率、幅值和相位角，且计算量较小。通过对标准IEC 61000-4-7中两种典型情况的分析表明，该方法能够为需要精确测量谐波与间谐波分量的场合以及未来IEC 61000-4-7的修订提供一种可选择的方法。
关键词：电力系统；谐波检测；间谐波检测；最小二乘法；条件数；曲线拟合
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0031-05
A method for power system harmonic and interharmonic detection based on
least square method
LIU Xiaolin1， HU Luoquan1，2
（1. School of Urban Rail Transportation，Suzhou University，Suzhou 215021，China；
2. Suzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau，Suzhou 215104，China）
Abstract: In order to make accurate detection for harmonic and interharmonic signal in power system， the paper presents a harmonic and interharmonic detection method which is based on least-squares algorithm. First of all， the feasibility of this method is discussed by analysing mathematical theory and engineering application in harmonic and interharmonic detection. The detection of the harmonic and interharmonic is through coefficients of the fitting function and is based on least-squares algorithm. The Matlab simulation result of the typical signal shows that the frequency， amplitude and phase angle of the harmonic and inter-harmonic components can be detected accurately by the method， and the method has less calculation work. The analysis results of the two typical cases in the standard IEC 61000-4-7 show that the method can be an alternative in the situation when accurate detection is required. It also can provide a detection method for the amendment of the IEC 61000-4-7.
Keywords: power system； harmonic detection； interharmonic detection； least-squares algorithm； condition number； curve fitting
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.008
几何功能约束最小二乘法双短圆弧检测
彭希锋， 陈 爽， 李海星， 熊朝晖
（中国工程物理研究院计量测试中心，四川 绵阳 621000）
摘 要：针对双短圆弧的准确检测难题，首先从工件的几何功能使用要求出发，详细分析使用三坐标测量机检测双短圆弧时误差产生的原因与影响；然后根据误差产生的原因，提出基于几何功能约束最小二乘拟合的双短圆弧检测方法。该方法将双短圆弧的设计半径、相对位置关系以及圆弧整体轮廓与工作基准的位置作为最小二乘圆拟合的约束条件，以降低拟合的误差。将该检测方法与经典最小二乘圆弧分段拟合检测方法进行对比实验，结果表明：提出的方法能够很好地改善最小二乘法对双短圆弧的拟合质量，有效降低检测结果的“误判”风险，可为双短圆弧的精确检测提供一种可靠方法。
关键词：最小二乘法；几何功能约束；双短圆弧检测；三坐标测量机
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0036-05
A measuring method for double short circular arcs based on least square fitting
met-hod with geometric usage constraint
PENG Xifeng， CHEN Shuang， LI Haixing， XIONG Zhaohui
（Metrology and Testing Center，China Academy of Engineering Physics，Mianyang 621000，China）
Abstract: The accurate measurement of double short arcs is a difficult task. A detailed analysis about the causes of errors in double short arcs measurements with CMM was performed in this paper， and a measuring method for double short arcs based on least square method with geometric usage constraint was proposed. In order to reduce errors and the influence of fitting， the method took the radii， the relative positions of arcs and the relative location between the overall contour of arcs and the working datum plane as constraint conditions. An experiment was conducted in comparison with traditional method， which simply applying classical least squares fitting on segmentation arcs. The results demonstrated that the proposed method could effectively improve the fitting quality of least square method on double short arcs， reduce the risk of “misjudgment” and provide a reliable way for the precise measurement of double short arcs.
Keywords: least square method； geometric usage constraint； measurement of double short arcs； CMM
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.009
电化学法制备铁氰化铜/Nafion及其对卡托普利的检测
于清跃1，2， 于 荟2， 朱新宝1
（1. 南京林业大学化工学院，江苏 南京 210037； 2. 南京科技职业学院化工系，江苏 南京 210048）
摘 要：为对药片中卡托普利的含量进行精确测定，采用电聚合的方法，在玻碳电极表面沉积均匀分布的铁氰化铜/Nafion复合物。用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线能量色散光谱（EDX）分别对样品的形貌和成分进行表征。利用循环伏安法（CV）研究药物分子卡托普利在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。研究结果显示，该修饰电极对卡托普利具有非常好的电催化性能。一定条件下，卡托普利在6.62×10-5～3.80×10-3 mol/L范围内，其氧化峰电流与物质量浓度呈现很好的线性关系，其相关系数是0.996，检出限为5.0×10-6 mol/L。该修饰电极具有快速、灵敏和高效的特点，并且可用于卡托普利实际样品的检测。
关键词：铁氰化铜；卡托普利；电催化氧化；循环伏安法
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0041-05
Preparation of CuCHF/Nafion based on electrochemical method and its
application for captopril detection
YU Qingyue1，2， YU Hui2， ZHU Xinbao1
（1. Department of Chemical Engineering，Nanjing Forestry University，Nanjing 210037，China；
2. Department of Chemical Engineering，Nanjing Polytechnic Institute，Nanjing 210048，China）
Abstract: In order to accurately measure the content of captopril in the tablet， CuCHF/Nafion composite film modified electrode was fabricated by electropolymerzation. The composition and morphology of the as-prepared CuCHF/NF complex was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of captopril on the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that the modified electrode have good catalytic performance toward captopril. The oxidation peek current response was proportional to the concentration of captopril over the rang from 6.62×10-5 to 3.80×10-3 mol/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.996， and the detection limit was 5.0×10-6 mol/L. The proposed method is rapid， sensitive and efficient，and can be applied to the biosensing captopril in the tables.
Keywords: copper hexacyanoferrate； captopril； electrocatalytic oxidation； cyclic voltammetry
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.010
GC-MS/MS同位素内标法测定肉制品中
N-二甲基亚硝胺
周 佳1，2， 孙嘉茵1， 李宇茜1， 唐维英1， 徐小平1
（1. 四川大学华西药学院，四川 成都 610041； 2. 四川省药品食品检验检测院，四川 成都 611731）
摘 要：采用同位素内标定量，建立一种快速、准确测定各种肉制品N-二甲基亚硝胺的GC-MS/MS法。样品中加入D6-N-二甲基亚硝胺内标，经水蒸气蒸馏、二氯甲烷提取、分离、浓缩，用多反应监测模式（MRM）进样分析。色谱柱为HP-Innowax毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm，0.25 μm），氦气为载气，氮气为碰撞气，流量为1.4 mL/min。结果表明：该方法检测范围在10～300 ng/mL内，线性关系良好y=77.16x-500.16（r2=0.999 6），精密度RSD为2.36%；回收率为82.9%～99.5%，检出限0.2 μg/kg。对4种不同来源的肉制品共40批次进行检测，检出13批次，但均未超过限量（3 μg/kg）。该方法灵敏、简便、准确、重复性好，可作为肉制品中N-二甲基亚硝胺检测的好方法。
关键词：N-二甲基亚硝胺；同位素内标；GC－MS/MS；多反应监测模式；优化
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0046-04
Isotope internal standard method analysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine in
meat products by GC-MS/MS
ZHOU Jia1，2， SUN Jiayin1， LI Yuqian1， TANG Weiying1， XU Xiaoping1
（1. West China School of Pharmacy，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610041，China；
2. The Food and Drug Testing Institute of Sichuan Province，Chengdu 611731，China）
Abstract: A rapid and accurate method to determinate N-nitrosodimethylamine with Isotope internal standard in meat products by GC-MS/MS was established in this paper. Meat and its products， were assayed by used in the mode of multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） after water add Isotope internal standard D6-NDMA， vapor distillation， dichloromethane extraction， separation and concentration. The method was used HP capillary column （30 m×0.32 mm，0.25 μm） as the analytical column， helium as the carrier gas， nitrogen as the collision gas， and 1.4 mL/min as the flow rate. Results showed that the method had wide linear range（up to 10 to 300 ng/mL） high line correlation（y=77.16x-500.16，r2=0.999 6））， high RSD（less than 2.36%）. The recovery of the method was 82.9%-99.5%， and the detection limit was 0.2 μg/kg. 40 batches of 4 kinds of different sources of meat products for inspection and 13 batches of positive， but all does not exceed limited（3 μg/kg）. The results were accurate， reliable， good repeatability and high sensitivity. This method can meet the requirement for the determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine residues in meat and meat product.
Keywords: N-nitrosodimethylamine； isotope internal standard； GC-MS/MS； MRM； optimization
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.011
燃香类标准中TVOC测定法存在问题研究
涂永元， 康秀棠， 尤龙杰， 张春玲
（福建省香产品质量检验中心，福建 永春 362600）
摘 要：按照燃香类标准GB/T 26386——2011《燃香类产品安全通用技术条件》和GB/T 26393——2011《燃香类产品有害物质测试方法》中关于TVOC测定法的规定，对市场上随机抽查的25个燃香样品进行检测。针对检测中出现的未知组分权重过多、成分复杂所导致的数据代表性差、检测范围不足的问题，探讨TVOC定义及其在相关标准中的适用范围，剖析外标定量分析法对燃香TVOC的影响因素，研究未知组分的计算问题和数据结果的表示方式，分析TVOC这种半定量手段在现行燃香类标准中应用的局限性及其实际操作的困难性。鉴于国内对于燃香类产品的研究较少，且存在着天然产物标准品匮乏和VOCs污染物限制性指标缺少的现状，从相关学科、领域的角度提出解决现行燃香标准化问题的建议，并从实用性的角度提出TVOC的应用方式。随着香产业的兴盛，亟需加快研究和取得技术突破，以此为今后相关法律的制订和标准的完善提供依据。
关键词：燃香；TVOC；适用性；标准；局限性
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0050-05
Study on the problem of the TVOC detecting method in incense standards
TU Yongyuan， KANG Xiutang， YOU Longjie， ZHANG Chunling
（Fujian Quality Inspection Center of Incense Products，Yongchun 362600，China）
Abstract: According to provisions on the TVOC detecting method in incense standard GB/T 26386——2011 and GB/T 26393——2011， 25 incense samples on the market were randomly selected for testing. As for the problems in the measurement， such as overmuch weight of unknown components， poor data representativeness composition caused by components complexity and insufficient detection range， the TVOC definition and its applicable scope in the related standards were explored. Besides， the influence of TVOC factors on the external standard method for quantitative analysis of incense were analyzed. The calculation of unknown components and the expression of data results were studied. Moreover， the limitation and difficulty in the application of TVOC， as a semi-quantitative method in the current incense standard were analyzed. There were scanty indicators of VOCs， natural reference materials， and fewer researches on the incense products to restrict pollutants in mainland China. Some suggestions were proposed to solve the current standardization of incense from the aspects of related disciplines and fields. Additionally， the application mode of TVOC was put forward from the perspective of practicality. As incense industry becomes flourishing， it is urgent to accelerate scientific researches and make technology breakthrough， so as to provide basis for the formulation of relevant laws and perfection of standards in future.
Keywords: incense； TVOC； applicability； standard； limitation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.012
大鼠皮肤成纤维细胞在低密度培养条件下基质
金属蛋白酶9和13基因表达的抑制
刘 誉， 杨泽民
（四川大学生命科学学院，四川 成都 610064）
摘 要：为探索体外促进原代皮肤成纤维细胞转分化为肌成纤维细胞的培养条件及原代皮肤成纤维细胞转分化前后两种状态下经肿瘤坏死因子（tumor necrosis factor alpha，TNF-α）刺激，其MMP基因的表达情况。利用Wistar大鼠真皮分离出的原代成纤维细胞为模型，分别以高密度与低密度将细胞培养于塑料界面，通过Western Blot和qRT-PCR检测肌成纤维细胞的标志物α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）的表达量；同时经TNF-α刺激后，利用qRT-PCR和明胶酶谱检测高密度与低密度两种状态下MMP-9和MMP-13的表达及两种状态下MMP-9的活性。发现大鼠真皮中分离出的原代成纤维细胞在低密度培养条件下，可以有效地转分化为肌成纤维细胞，其标志物α-SMA显著上调；经肿瘤坏死因子刺激，成纤维细胞在低密度培养条件下MMP-9和MMP-13对TNF-α刺激的响应程度较高密度培养时显著降低。初步表明在大鼠真皮（dermis）中，原代成纤维细胞体外转分化为肌成纤维细胞且MMP-9和MMP-13在肌成纤维细胞中下调的现象是细胞密度依赖型。
关键词：基质金属蛋白酶；原代成纤维细胞；密度培养；转分化；肿瘤坏死因子
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0055-06
Suppression of matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 13 genes in rat skin
fibroblasts through low density culture
LIU Yu， YANG Zemin
（College of Life Science，Sichuan University，Chengdu 610064，China）
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro condition for trans-differentiation of primary skin fibroblasts， and to prove the concept of MMP silencing in skin fibroblasts after TNF-α challenge.Primary dermal fibroblasts were isolated from Wistar rats and varied degrees of culture density on plastic were applied to establish the in vitro trans-differentiation. Western Blot and qRT-PCR analysis were used to detect the trans-differentiation markers alpha-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）. The skin fibroblasts of the dermis and the trans-differentiated myofibroblasts were challenged by TNF-α. Their response to TNF-α stimulation and the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 were determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Gelatinolytic zymogram was employed to analyze the activity of MMP-9 after the skin fibroblasts were challenged by TNF-α. Being cultured on plastic at low cell density， the primary fibroblasts from rat dermis were readily trans-differentiated to myofibroblasts and the expression of α-SMA was up-regulated. Compared with high density culture， the fibroblasts cultured at low density lost capacity of MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression， even treated by TNF-α.These results suggested that the concept of MMP-9 and MMP-13 down-regulation in myofibroblasts derived from rats skinis cell density dependent type.
Keywords: matrix metalloproteinases； primary fibroblasts； density culture； trans-differentiation； tumor necrosis factor alpha
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.013
壳聚糖修饰脂质体对姜黄素的包载作用
严佳蕾， 王小永
（华东理工大学化学与分子工程学院，上海 200237）
摘 要：通过改变壳聚糖的浓度探讨不同浓度壳聚糖修饰的脂质体对姜黄素的包载作用。采用薄膜蒸发法制备姜黄素脂质体，并以不同浓度的壳聚糖对姜黄素脂质体进行修饰。通过测定修饰后的姜黄素脂质体的物理化学性质，探讨不同浓度的壳聚糖对姜黄素脂质体的包封率以及姜黄素的稳定性、抗氧化性以及荧光、紫外光谱性质的影响。当壳聚糖质量分数由0增大到0.4%时，脂质体内姜黄素的稳定性以及DPPH自由基清除能力也不断增大。当壳聚糖质量分数进一步增加到0.5%～0.7%时，姜黄素的稳定性与抗氧化能力逐渐减小。由此表明存在最佳的壳聚糖质量分数（0.4%），在此条件下壳聚糖修饰脂质体对姜黄素的保护作用最佳，姜黄素的稳定性、抗氧化能力最高。
关键词：姜黄素；脂质体；壳聚糖；稳定性；抗氧化
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0061-06
Effect of chitosan coated liposomes on the properties of encapsulated curcumin
YAN Jialei， WANG Xiaoyong
（School of Chemical and Molecular Engineering，East China University of Science and Technology，
Shanghai 200237，China）
Abstract: The effect of chitosan coated liposomes on the properties of encapsulated curcumin is evaluated through changing the concentration of chitosan. Prepared a series of curcumin liposomes coated with various chitosan amounts by the thin film hydration method. The stability and radical scavenging activity of curcumin in chitosan-coated liposomes were comparatively studied with free curcumin and curcumin in pure liposomes. The absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of curcumin as well as the acid-base equilibrium of curcumin were investigated for understanding the different stability and radical scavenging activity of curcumin encapsulated in chitosan-coated liposomes. By increasing the concentration of chitosan from 0% to 0.4%， liposomal curcumin had better stability and DPPH radical scavenging ability. Reduced complex stability and anti-oxidant ability were observed when the chitosan concentration was further increased to 0.5%-0.7%. Therefore， there exists a best chitosan modification concentration (0.4% in this article) and curcumin presents highest stability and anti-oxidant ability in chitosan-coated liposomes.
Keywords: curcumin； liposomes； chitosan； stability； anti-oxidant
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.014
基于压电自供电的无线传感网络网关节点设计
何 宏1， 高艳囡1， 张志宏1，2
（1. 天津理工大学自动化学院 天津市复杂系统控制理论及应用重点实验室，天津 300384；
2. 天津广播电视台传输发射部，天津 300072）
摘 要：针对无线传感网络中网关节点数据传输量大、能耗高，导致其难以长时间工作的问题，基于ZigBee、GPRS、压电电源设计自供电无线传感网络网关节点。首先，采用ZigBee最小系统CC2530和GPRS模块搭建网关节点硬件结构，CC2530模块实现处理、存储接收数据，GPRS模块实现远距离传输数据；其次，采用压电陶瓷片和能量转换芯片LTC3588-1设计压电自供电电源，给网关节点供电。实验证明，压电陶瓷片在固定振动频率下，输出电压为70 V、电流为19 mA；当有1，2道墙阻隔时丢包率分别低于5%、10%。基于压电自供电的无线传感网络网关节点具有无源、丢包率低、可靠性强等特点。
关键词：无线传感网络；LTC3588-1；压电自供电；CC2530
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0067-05
Design of wireless sensor network gateway node based on piezoelectric self-powered
HE Hong1， GAO Yannan1， ZHANG Zhihong1，2
（1. Tianjin Key Laboratory for Control Theory & Applications in Complicated Systems，School of
Automation，Tianjin University of Technology，Tianjin 300384，China；
2. Transmission and Launch Department，Tianjin Radio and TV Station，Tianjin 300072，China）
Abstract: In allusion to the problem that high data transmission speed and energy consumption of wireless sensor network （WSN） undermine WSN’s long-time operation， self-powered network gateway node is designed based on ZigBee， GPRS， and piezoelectric power supply. First， network gateway node hardware structure consists of ZigBee minimum system CC2530 and GPRS module. Functions of receiving， processing and storing data are implemented by CC2530 module， and GPRS module realizes long distance transmission. Second， piezoelectric ceramic chip and energy conversion chip LTC3588-1 are used for designing piezoelectric self power supply for providing power to the gateway node. Experiment results show that under fixed vibration frequency， output voltage of the piezoelectric ceramic chip is 70 V and current is 19mA. In case of blocking with one or two walls， packet loss rate is lower than 5% or 10% respectively. WSN gateway node based on piezoelectric self power supply is featured with passive property， low packet loss rate and high reliability.
Keywords: wireless sensor network； LTC3588-1； piezoelectric power supply； CC2530
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.015
工业氧弹热量计电能标定装置研究
莫晓山， 胡 彪， 熊知明， 罗建明
（湖南省计量检测研究院，湖南 长沙 410014）
摘 要： 针对采用二级苯甲酸标定工业氧弹热量计热容量的不足，提出一种电能标定装置标定工业氧弹热量计的方法。先采用NIST苯甲酸（39j）标定的精密氧弹热量计，然后用精密氧弹热量计测试电能标定装置释放的电热量QE，并统计其消耗的电能量W，再综合推导出电热修正系数α。修正后的电能标定装置标定工业氧弹热量计热容量，相对标准偏差为0.11%，所释放的电热量相对扩展不确定度为0.09%（k=2），符合二级苯甲酸的技术要求。该电能标定装置精度高，操作方便，环保且经济，可用于工业氧弹热量计的日常标定工作。
关键词：燃烧热;氧弹热量计；热容量；电能标定;电热修正系数；苯甲酸
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0072-05
Study on electric energy calibration device of industrial oxygen bomb calorimeter
MO Xiaoshan， HU Biao， XIONG Zhiming， LUO Jianming
（Hu’nan Institute of Metrology and Test，Changsha 410014，China）
Abstract: Aimed at the disadvantage of using benzoic acid to calibrate the heat capacity of industrial oxygen bomb calorimeter， this paper proposed a calibration method based on electric energy calibration device. Firstly， NIST benzoic acid （39j） is used to calibrate the precision oxygen bomb calorimeter. Then the precision oxygen bomb calorimeter is used to test the electric heat QE and the electric energy W of electric energy calibration device， and the electric heating correction coefficient α can be calculated. Using the corrected electric energy calibration device to calibrate the heat capacity of industrial oxygen bomb calorimeter， the relative standard deviation is 0.11% and the expanded uncertainty is 0.09%（k=2）. The electric energy calibration device has the advantages of convenient use and operation， high precision and low energy consumption. It can be used in the routine work of industrial oxygen bomb calorimeter calibration.
Keywords: combustion heat； oxygen bomb calorimeter； heat capacity； electric energy calibration； electric heating correction coefficient； benzoic acid
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.016
基于LabWindows/CVI的动中通控制系统软件设计
吴诗琪， 郑 健， 刘 杉， 何 芳
（火箭军工程大学，陕西 西安 710025）
摘 要：动中通在保持实时稳定对星、跟踪过程中，针对天线控制器ACU难以满足算法开发、故障诊断、便捷调试、可视化界面等问题，设计一款动中通控制系统软件。软件以LabWindows/CVI为平台，针对软件高速采集数据要求，提出响应的控制策略，通过多线程技术与数据保护机制，使用线程池和Timer控件定时判断、开启数据采集线程和绘图线程，提升软件数据采集速率；使用线程安全队列技术保护共享数据；利用工具包SQL Toolkit开发卫星数据库等。测试结果表明：软件能够可靠准确地完成通信、数据处理任务，绘图功能流畅快速，为系统工作的监控、调试以及故障诊断提供充分的技术支撑。
关键词：卫星动中通；串口通信；LabWindows/CVI；多线程；线程安全队列
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0077-06
Software design for SOTM control system based on LabWindows/CVI
WU Shiqi， ZHENG Jian， LIU Shan， HE Fang
（Rocket Force University of Engineering，Xi’an 710025，China）
Abstract: When keeping real-time aiming and tracking of SOTM， a kind of SOTM control system software was designed according to the problems that it is difficult for antenna controller ACU to meet the requirements of algorithm development， fault diagnosis， convenience commissioning and visual interface. The software was designed based on LabWindows/CVI platform， and response control strategies were proposed according to the high-speed data acquisition requirements. By utilizing multithreading technology and data protection mechanism， thread pool and Timer controls were used to judge and start data acquisition thread and drawing thread on time to raise data acquisition velocity of the software. Besides， thread-safe queue technology was used to protect shared data and SQL Toolkit was used to develop satellite database. The test results show that the software can reliably and accurately fulfill communication and data processing tasks， and the drawing function is smooth and fast， which provides sufficient technical support for monitoring， commissioning and fault diagnosis of the system.
Keywords: SOTM； serial communication； LabWindows/CVI； multi-threading； thread-safe queue
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.017
二维弹道修正引信制导控制系统半实物仿真
王 毅， 宋卫东， 宋谢恩， 吴汉洲
（军械工程学院 精确制导技术研究所，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：为给固定鸭舵式二维弹道修正引信设计适用的半实物仿真系统，在掌握修正引信工作原理和研究引信运动状态的基础上，采用两部电机实时模拟引信修正组件和弹体滚转通道的姿态角信息，并使用光电码盘标定地磁测角模块的测角准确度，在过程控制软件的协调下实现弹上计算机和仿真计算机的数据交互，实现弹上机对固定舵制动控制的有效模拟。研究二维弹道修正引信半实物仿真试验的试验步骤，并针对某型迫弹进行仿真试验。仿真试验表明：所设计的半实物仿真系统可有效检验引信制导控制系统各分系统和整机的性能。该半实物仿真系统适用于安装该型引信的所有尾翼稳定弹箭，对其他类型的采用双旋结构的制导弹箭具有借鉴意义。
关键词：二维弹道修正引信；半实物仿真；固定鸭舵；制导控制系统
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0083-05
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of G&C systems for 2D course correction fuze
WANG Yi， SONG Weidong， SONG Xie’en， WU Hanzhou
（Precision Guidance Technology Research Institute，Ordnance Engineering College，
Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: A complete design of hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for the guidance and control system of the two-dimension course correction fuze is presented in this paper. Two motors are taken to simulate the movement of the correction discreteness and the projectile body according to the real roll information of the two parts， and a photoelectric encoder is used to correct the testing error of the geomagnetic module. Interaction between the onboard computer and simulation computer is controlled by the process control software， then， information needed in the simulation system can transmit successfully. By this way， accurate simulation of the brake control is obtained. Procedure of the simulation is also presented here， and experiment for a certain mortar is conducted. The experimental result shows that the simulation system can effectively test the guidance and control system of the fuze.
Keywords: 2D course correction fuze； hardware-in-the-loop simulation； fixed-canards； guidance and control system
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.018
LED路灯路面照度自动检测系统设计
余中泼1， 刘桂雄1， 陈晓曼2， 万 泉2
（1. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640； 2. 广州质量监督检测研究院，广东 广州 511442）
摘 要：道路照明采用LED路灯导致照度降低，影响道路交通安全，研究基于自动车载平台的LED路灯路面照度检测系统，加强LED照明产品监督与检测技术。该系统检测流程根据国标制定，由自动检测装置与监控中心两部分组成，其中自动检测装置通过传感器感知照度值、距离值、角度值、路程值，角度值、路程值分别用于控制智能车直线行驶、定点定位，照度值通过ZigBee无线远程传输。通过与人工检测对比实验，结果表明：该系统较目前照度检测技术有高效率、低成本、高准确度等优点。
关键词：道路照度；车载平台；自动检测；LED
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0088-04
The development of LED road illumination automatic detection system
YU Zhongpo1， LIU Guixiong1， CHEN Xiaoman2， WAN Quan2
（1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China；
2. Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute，Guangzhou 511442，China）
Abstract: Road lighting using LED results in the decrease of illumination， which throws out a challenge to road traffic accidents. This paper studies based on vehicular platform of the development of LED road illumination automatic detection system. It strengthens the supervision and detection technology of LED lighting products. The system testing process is set by according to the national standard which consists of two parts， automatic detection device and the monitoring center. The automatic detection device detects the illuminance value， distance value and angle value through the sensors. The angle and distance values are used to control the smart car in a straight line to move to the fixed position. The illuminance value is remotely transferred by Zigbee wireless technique. Compared with manual testing experiment， the results show that the system has the advantages of high efficiency， low cost and high precision.
Keywords: road lighting； vehicular platform； automatic detection； LED
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.019
预估补偿器柔性机械臂振动时滞控制
杜 菲， 马天兵， 熊 能， 张建君， 罗 智
（安徽理工大学机械工程学院，安徽 淮南 232001）
摘 要：为解决影响柔性机械臂振动主动控制系统稳定性和控制效果的时滞问题，在线性二次型高斯（liner quadratic Gauss，LQG）最优控制的基础上，提出应用Smith预估器进行时滞补偿，设计出针对LQG算法控制的时滞问题补偿策略，并根据Lyapunov方法进行新策略的稳定性证明，最后搭建柔性机械臂的振动主动控制系统，通过李沙育图形辨识出时滞常数，分别进行添加时滞补偿前后的LQG控制的对比实验。实验结果表明：时滞补偿后前机械臂前两阶模态振动抑制效果分别达到9.5 dB和8.1 dB，优于时滞补偿前LQG算法的控制效果。
关键词：LQG算法；Smith预估器；时滞补偿；振动控制
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0092-04
Predictive compensator-based flexible manipulator vibration time-lag control
DU Fei， MA Tianbing， XIONG Neng， ZHANG Jianjun， LUO Zhi
（College of Mechanical Engineering，Anhui University of Science and Technology，Huai’nan 232001，China）
Abstract: In order to solve the time-lag problem undermining the stability and control of flexible manipulator active control system， on the basis of the linear quadratic Gauss（LQG） optimal control， application of Smith predictor is poposed to compensate the time-lag with the compensation strategy developed in allusion to the time-lag controlled by LQG algorithm. The stability of the new strategy is proved by Lyapunov method before setting up the flexible manipulator vibration active control system at length. By taking advantage of Lissajous Figure， the time-lag constant is identified， and comparative experiment on LQG control before and after the addition of time-lag compensation is carried out respectively. The experimental results show that the control effect can reach 9.5dB and 8.1dB respectively for the first two modes of flexible manipulator after using time-lag compensator， which outperforms the effect of the LQG control algorithm without applying the time-lag compensator.
Keywords: LQG algorithm； Smith predictor； time delay compensation； vibration control
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.020
一种基于包络相关的水下动态节点测距方法
郭亚静， 李 宁， 姚金杰， 王黎明
（中北大学信息探测与处理技术研究所，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：针对浅海海域的水声环境复杂多变，由水听器直接观测的信号常常被一些噪声覆盖的情况，提出一种基于包络相关的水下动态节点测距方法，并实现对水下动态节点进行精确的距离测量。根据测距信号在浅海水域信道传播的特性，对接收到的信号进行巴特沃斯粗滤波、小波变换细去噪、包络相关的方法处理，有效保留信号的边沿、突变的信息，去除噪声的影响，通过将两通道的信号进行包络相关取得精确的时延差，并依据距离公式对节点间的距离进行精确测量。水域实验结果表明，通过比较节点间距离的误差，算法测距精度达到13 cm以内。
关键词：浅海水域；水下节点；包络相关；精确测距
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0096-05
A method for underwater dynamic node location based on envelope correlation
GUO Yajing， LI Ning， YAO Jinjie， WANG Liming
（Institute of Signal Capture & Processing，North University of China，Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: In view of the complexity and variety of underwater acoustic environment in the shallow sea area， the signal from the direct observation of the hydrophone is often covered by some noise， and a new method of dynamic node location based on envelope correlation is proposed. According to the characteristics of the distance signal in the shallow sea water channel， the signal is processed by Butterworth rough filtering， wavelet transform filtering and envelope correlation method， which can effectively preserve the edge of the signal and remove the noise. The precise time delay difference is obtained by using the envelope correlation of the two channels of the signal， and the precise measurement of the distance between the nodes is done based on the distance formula. The experimental results show that by comparing the error of the distance between nodes， the accuracy of the algorithm is within 13 cm.
Keywords: shallow sea area； underwater nodes； envelope correlation； precise ranging
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.021
声发射机械密封端面摩擦状态识别
朱奥辉， 傅 攀， 陈官林
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：针对现有监测技术对于机械密封端面摩擦状态的识别较难推广到工业现场进行实时监测，提出一种基于声发射的机械密封端面摩擦状态识别的方法。通过建立实验台对机械密封在工作过程中的信号进行采集；利用小波包分析法对信号进行降噪；对预处理后的数据进行特征提取；建立Elman神经网络对机械密封端面的摩擦状态进行识别。实验结果表明：通过建立的Elman神经网络对提取的声发射特征进行识别，能够很好地识别机械密封在工作过程中所处的摩擦状态。因此，提出的方法可以对机械密封端面的摩擦状态进行有效的实时监测。
关键词：机械密封；声发射；Elman神经网络；小波包
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0101-04
Recognition of the friction state of mechanical seal face based on acoustic emission
ZHU Aohui， FU Pan， CHEN Guanlin
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: Since existing monitoring technology to identify the friction state of the mechanical seal face is difficult to extend to industrial field for real-time monitoring， proposed a method which recognized the friction state of mechanical seal face based on acoustic emission. Signal of mechanical seals in working condition was collected by the established bench. Signal noise was reduced by wavelet packet analysis and features were extracted after the data preprocessing. Then， Elman neural network was established to identify the friction state of mechanical seal face. Experimental results showed that: Through the establishment of Elman neural network to identify the feature extraction acoustic emission signal， it could well recognize the friction state of mechanical seal face in working process. Therefore， the proposed method can effectively monitor mechanical seal face friction state in real time.
Keywords: mechanical seals； acoustic emission； Elman neural network； wavelet
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.022
火电厂给水再循环管道振动分析与控制
金红伟1， 刘 学1， 何玉灵2， 唐贵基2， 高 运1
（1. 华电重工股份有限公司，北京 100070； 2. 华北电力大学机械工程系，河北 保定 071003）
摘 要：针对某火电厂给水再循环管道振动的原因和集中位置进行分析并提出相应的控制方案。首先建立再循环管道和水流的实体模型、支吊架简化模型并进行装配，然后导入至ANSYS中进行CFX流体分析，得到水流作用于管道内壁的冲击压力并导入至结构力学模块进行二次分析，再将分析数据传递至模态分析模块进行运算，得到流固耦合作用下管系前50阶的固有频率和前6阶振型，最后结合实验测试结果分析再循环管道振动的原因和振型最大点位置分布规律，并提出相应的支吊架调整干预方案，调整后管系各阶固有频率有所上升，管系振动明显好转，表明所提控制方案可行、有效。该文工作对于火电厂给水再循环管道振动的监测和控制有参考价值。
关键词：给水再循环；管道振动；模态分析；振动控制
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0105-07
Vibration analysis and control on water feeding & recycling pipe
system of thermal power plant
JIN Hongwei1， LIU Xue1， HE Yuling2， TANG Guiji2， GAO Yun1
（1. Huadian Heavy Idustries Co.，Ltd.，Beijing 100070，China；
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering，North China Electric Power University，Baoding 071003，China）
Abstract: The vibration cause and control method of the water feeding & recycling pipe system in a thermal power plant were analyzed. The 3D models of the pipe， the water， and the simplified cradle were firstly set up and assembled， and then imported into ANSYS CFX for fluid analysis. The pulse pressure was transferred to the inner surface of the pipe to perform a structure calculation， based on which the modal analysis was taken to obtain the former 50-order natural frequencies and the former 6-order vibration modes. Finally， according to the experiment test and the theoretical analysis， the vibration cause and the distribution principles of the vibration amplitude position were investigated， and the cradle adjustment schemes for the vibration control were proposed as well. It shows that the natural frequencies of the pipe system are increased after the cradle adjustment operation， while the vibration amplitudes are significantly decreased. The presented work in this paper offers a reference for the vibration monitoring and control of the water feeding & recycling pipe system in thermal power plants.
Keywords: water feeding & recycling； pipe vibration； modal analysis； vibration control
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.023
基于压缩感知的高动态范围混合信号采样方法研究
罗浚溢1， 刘 涛2
（1. 成都大学电子信息工程学院，四川 成都 610106； 2. 电子科技大学自动化工程学院，四川 成都 611731）
摘 要：为能够有效获取高动态范围混合信号的弱信号，提出一种基于压缩感知的信号采样方法。通过弱信号与预估值之间的最小均方差得到一种新的感知矩阵，该感知矩阵可以在抑制强信号的同时保留弱信号；利用相干分析法验证该矩阵满足约束等距性条件，并对噪声误差进行分析。实验结果表明：该方法可实现高动态范围混合信号的弱信号的采样与重构。
关键词：压缩感知；混合信号；高动态范围；最小均方差
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0112-04
A new cs-based acquisition method for mixed signals with high dynamic range
LUO Junyi1， LIU Tao2
（1. School of Electronic Information Engineering，Chengdu University，Chengdu 610106，China；
2. School of Automotive Engineering，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，
Chengdu 611731，China）
Abstract: In order to obtain the weak signal of high dynamic range signal effectively， a new method based on compressed sensing is proposed. Based on the minimum mean squared between the weak signal and estimate value， a new sensing matrix was obtained. The sensing matrix can limit strong signal while also preserves weak signal; the coherence analysis method was adopted to prove that the sensing matrix satisfies the restricted isometry property， and noise error was also analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the sampling and reconstruction of weak signal in high dynamic range mixed signal.
Keywords: compressive sensing； mixed signal； high dynamic range； minimum mean square error
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.024
递归滤波在测压管路信号修正中的应用
吕永志， 张丕状
（中北大学信息探测与处理技术研究所，山西 太原 030051）
摘 要：在坦克散热窗表面风压测量实验中，由于空气柱谐振及阻尼作用等因素的影响，风压信号经过取样管路后会发生畸变。为在时域对风压畸变信号进行修正，设计递归滤波器，同时构建脉动压力测试系统对递归滤波器的修正效果进行验证，并且采用正弦脉动激励法探究不同弹性模量测压管道的频响特性。实验结果表明：采用递归滤波法修正测压管路畸变信号是可行的；当滤波器阶数为9时，修正效果最为理想且计算量小；递归滤波器对较长的测压管路修正效果比较好；弹性模量对测压管道系统的相频特性影响小，但对管道的幅频特性影响明显，弹性模量高的测压管道其幅度增益较大。
关键词：风压测量；递归滤波；频响特性；弹性模量；坦克散热窗
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0116-04
The application of recursive filter in the correction of tubing
system of pressure measurement
LU Yongzhi， ZHANG Pizhuang
（Institute of Signal Capturing & Processing Technology，North University of China，
Taiyuan 030051，China）
Abstract: In the experiment of surface wind pressure measurement of heat dissipation window on tank， distortions may occur to wind pressure signals through sampling pipeline by different influential factors such as air column resonance and damping. This paper corrects wind pressure distortion signals in the time domain， designs a recursive filter， constructs a pressure fluctuation measurement system for verification of the correction effects of recursive filter， and explores the frequency response property of pressure measurement pipelines with different modulus of elasticity using sinusoidal pulsating stimulation method. Results show that it is feasible to correct wind pressure distortion signals using recursive filter method. Optimal corrective effects can be achieved with minimum calculation when the order of recursive filter is 9. Better corrective effects can be achieved for longer pressure measurement pipelines. Modulus of elasticity has less influence on phase-frequency characteristics of the pipeline system， and obvious influence on amplitude frequency characteristics of pipelines. Pressure measurement system with higher modulus of elasticity can obtain larger amplitude gain.
Keywords: measurement of wind pressure； recursive filter； frequency response； modulus of elasticity； heat dissipation window on tank
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.025
基于MEEMD-HT的高速列车转向架蛇行失稳特征分析
叶运广， 宁 静， 种传杰， 崔万里， 刘 棋
（西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031）
摘 要：为研究高速列车蛇行失稳时转向架横向、纵向和垂向的时频能特征，针对集合经验模态分解（EEMD）的模态分裂问题，提出一种改进的集合经验模态分解-Hilbert变换（MEEMD-HT）方法，首先对列车速度330～350 km/h时转向架蛇行失稳状态下的横向、纵向和垂向振动信号进行MEEMD分解，再通过HT分析MEEMD-HT能量谱和边际谱，并将MEEMD-HT分析结果与集合经验模态分解-Hilbert变换（EEMD-HT）对比。结果表明：列车蛇行失稳时，横向失稳现象最为明显，频率、能量分布高度集中，振动最为剧烈，纵向、垂向相对次之，但失稳现象显著；同时，MEEMD-HT方法能够体现出信号的时频能细节分布特征，优于传统的EEMD-HT方法。
关键词：高速列车；蛇行失稳；改进的集合经验模态分解；Hilbert变换
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0120-06
Feature analysis of high-speed train bogie hunting instability based on modified
ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transformation
YE Yunguang， NING Jing， CHONG Chuanjie， CUI Wanli， LIU Qi
（School of Mechanical Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu 610031，China）
Abstract: To investigate the features of lateral， longitudinal and vertical time-frequency and energy of high-speed train bogie in the hunting instability， in allusion to mode splitting problem of ensemble empirical model decomposition（EEMD）， a modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transformation（MEEMD-HT） method is presented in this paper. Firstly， the lateral， longitudinal and vertical vibration signals of the train bogie in the hunting instability state at 330-350 km/h were decomposed by MEEMD. Then， the MEEMD-HT energy spectrum and marginal spectrum were analyzed by HT. Meanwhile， the analysis results of MEEMD-HT were compared with that of traditional ensemble empirical mode decomposition-Hilbert transformation （EEMD-HT）. The results show that when the train is in the hunting instability state， the lateral instability is the most obvious and the distribution of frequency and energy is highly centralized， the longitudinal and vertical are better than lateral despite of obvious instability. Details of time-frequency-energy of hunting motion signal will be discovered through MEEMD-HT method， which is superior to that of traditional EEMD-HT.
Keywords: high-speed train； hunting instability； modified ensemblempirical mode decomposition； Hilbert transformation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.026
性能退化量分布LED可靠性评估
徐 欢1， 刘桂雄1， 余荣斌1，2
（1. 华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院，广东 广州 510640； 2. 广东产品质量监督检验研究院，广东 广州 510330）
摘 要：针对LED可靠性评估的方法大部分均基于样品伪寿命这一现象，提出基于退化量分布的LED可靠性评估方法。先依据指数模型预测后续时刻的退化量，再通过β分布统示法求出各时刻的累积失效概率，然后根据加速模型确定常应力下LED的可靠度函数。以国内某型LED灯具为实验对象，求出该型灯具寿命估计值为77 100 h，验证方法的实用性、有效性。
关键词：LED；可靠性；β分布；加速方程
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0126-04
Reliability evaluation of LED based on degradation data distribution
XU Huan1， LIU Guixiong1， YU Rongbin1，2
（1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering，South China University of Technology，
Guangzhou 510640，China；
2. Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision，Guangzhou 510330，China）
Abstract: Most methods for the LED reliability evaluation are based on the pseudo life of product， and this paper proposes a LED reliability evaluation method based on degradation amount distribution. The method was used to predict the degradation amount of follow-up time according to index model and calculate the cumulative failure probability in every moment by β-distribution uniform expression method， and then， LED reliability function under constant stress was confirmed based on accelerated model. Finally， Based on the test for a certain type of LED lamp in China， its service life was estimated as 77 100 h， which verified the feasibilityand effectiveness of the method.
Keywords: LED； reliability； β-distribution； accelerated equation
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.027
带不同深度缺陷Q235B板材拉伸过程声发射特征
张洪波， 付倞骅， 李小亭， 杨 硕， 马 哲
（河北大学质量技术监督学院，河北 保定 071000）
摘 要：通过对带有不同深度缺陷的Q235B板材的拉伸试验，利用声发射监测材料拉伸过程，获得材料拉伸过程中声发射信号，结合载荷时间曲线对声发射能量、撞击数、幅值等参数进行分析，研究各阶段声发射信号变化，以及不同深度缺陷声发射信号变化趋势。结果表明：声发射信号能够较好地反映损伤过程，屈服阶段声发射信号主要集中在下屈服点附近，随着缺陷的深度增加，下屈服点附近撞击数峰值有所下降;超过70 dB的幅值信号随缺陷深度增加而增多，其数量占总幅值数量的比例也随之增加；持续时间超过500 μs的幅值信号分为A、B两类。试验结果对起重机械声发射监测的损伤判定提供依据。
关键词：声发射监测；Q235B；不同深度缺陷；拉伸试验
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0130-04
Acoustic emission characteristics of Q235B plate with different depth
defects on tensile test
ZHANG Hongbo， FU Jinghua， LI Xiaoting， YANG Shuo， MA Zhe
（College of Quality and Technical Supervision，Hebei University，Baoding 071000，China）
Abstract: Through tensile test of Q235B plates with defects at different depths and tensile process of acoustic emission （AE） materials， the AE signals in the tensile process are obtained. Through the analysis on parameters including energy， hits and amplitude of acoustic emission with the loading time curve， the changes of AE signal in different stages and the trend of AE signal change with defects at different depths are researched. The results indicate that AE signals could better reflect the damage process. The AE signals in the yield stage are mainly concentrated near the lower yield point. With the increase of the depth of the defects， the hits peak near the lower yield point declines and both the amplitude signal over 70 dB and the proportion of its number in the total amplitude number increase. The amplitude signal lasting for over 500 μs can be divided into categories A and B. The test results could provide evidence for the damage determination of the AE monitoring of crane.
Keywords: acoustic emission monitoring； Q235B； different depth defect； tensile test
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.028
多层砂岩气藏隔层水窜突破压力试验研究
李俊南1， 刘 洪1， 庞 进1， 奎明清2， 温中林2， 李 倩3
（1． 重庆科技学院石油工程学院，重庆 401331； 2. 中国石油青海油田分公司，青海 格尔木 736202；
3. 中国石油西南油气田安全环保与技术监督研究院，四川 成都 610041）
摘 要：多层砂岩气藏隔层突破压力存在差异，导致水窜现象的规律研究更加复杂。通过物理试验，可以深入认识其对水窜规律的影响。该文在充分调研隔层水窜试验的基础上，提出一种新的隔层突破压力测试方法，在模拟气体流动状态条件中，建立三维岩心充填模型进行模拟试验。该方法考虑因素全面，突破压力测试准确，根据试验结果分析泥质含量与突破压力之间的关系，结果表明：隔层泥质含量与突破压力之间呈二项式关系，泥质含量越低突破压力越小，且泥质含量在40%~50%范围内，突破压力相差较小，当泥质含量高于55%以后，突破压力递增几乎呈线性关系。
关键词：多层砂岩气藏隔层；压力突破测试；气体流动状态；充填模型
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0134-05
Research on interlayer breakthrough pressure test of multi-layer sandstone gas reservoir
LI Junnan1， LIU Hong1， PANG Jin1， KUI Mingqing2， WEN Zhonglin2， LI Qian3
（1. Petroleum Engineering College，Chongqing University of Science and Technology，Chongqing 401331，China；
2. China Petroleum Natural gas Development in Qinghai Oilfield Company，Golmud 736202，China；
3. Petro China Southwest Oil Gasfield Company Safety Environment Technology Supervision
Research Institute，Chengdu 610041，China）
Abstract: Difference in interlayer breakthrough pressure of multi-layer sandstone gas reservoir makes understanding of rules of water channeling phenomenon more complex. Through physical experiment， can well understand its impact on water channeling regularity. Based on the research of the interlayer water channeling test， this paper proposes a new method of interlayer breakthrough pressure test， and establishes the three-dimensional core filling model in the simulation of gas flow state conditions for simulation test. This method not only takes more factors into consideration， but also makes the test result more accurately. Correlation between shale content and breakthrough pressure is analyzed based on the test results， and the results demonstrate the binomial relationship between shale content and breakthrough pressure， wherein the lower the shale content is， the smaller the breakthrough pressure is. When the shale content is within 40%-50%， and the breakthrough pressure difference is small. When shale content is higher than 55%， increasing breakthrough pressure takes on almost linear relationship.
Keywords: interlayer of multi-layer sandstone； breakthrough pressure test； gas flowing condition；core filling model
doi：10.11857/j.issn.1674-5124.2016.09.029
脉冲涡流热成像金属材料裂纹检测研究
邢晓军， 左宪章， 王建斌， 张玉华
（军械工程学院无人机工程系，河北 石家庄 050003）
摘 要：为分析不同激励条件下不同材料感应加热特性，采用有限元仿真软件分析铁磁性材料45#钢和非铁磁性材料不锈钢感应加热时的涡流分布和温度分布，发现45#钢趋肤深度很小，裂纹边沿感应电流密度较大；不锈钢趋肤深度受激励电流频率影响很大。随激励电流频率的增大,趋肤深度减小，裂纹边沿感应电流密度增大。涡流的分布和裂纹对热扩散的阻碍作用共同决定裂纹附近温度的分布，并通过实验对仿真结论进行验证，确定两种材料表面裂纹的最佳激励条件。
关键词：金属材料；趋肤深度；涡流分布；热成像
文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-5124（2016）09-0139-06
Study on the crack detection of metallic materials based on pulsed
eddy current thermography
XING Xiaojun， ZUO Xianzhang， WANG Jianbin， ZHANG Yuhua
（Department of UAV Engineering，Ordnance Engineering College，Shijiazhuang 050003，China）
Abstract: The surface defect of metallic materials can be detected effectively and accurately by pulsed eddy current thermography. In order to analyze different induction heating characteristics of different materials under different excitation conditions， distribution of eddy current and temperature between magnetic and non-magnetic materials， that is， 45# steel and stainless steel， were compared. The result shows that， the surface depth of 45# steel is very small， the density of induced current in crack edge is substantial. The surface depth of stainless steel is influenced greatly by excitation frequency of the current. As frequency increases， the surface depth decreases and the density of current in crack edge increases. The temperature variation is determined by both the distribution of current and the crack's hindering for the thermal diffusion. The conclusions were experimentally verified， and the optimum excitation conditions to identify both materials' surface cracks were determined.
Keywords: metal materials； skin depth； distribution of eddy current； thermography
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